Essay --

ObjectiveThe objectives of the lab were to addition understanding of how to natur tout ensembley separate a sharpen that has particles that are not easily removed and to use basic qualitative tests to identify the major components of hale milk3.IntroductionFirst of all, milk is a real(prenominal) complicated mixture of many compounds in which the dispersed particles do not settle out. This is called a colloid4. These particles select a very difficult time subsidence out because they have an insignificant settling rate because their small mass has a low gravitative pull compared to the surface frictional force5. All of the substances in milk are very essential because milk plays such a huge role during the babe stage of all mammals. While milk is swell known for its richness in calcium, it contains many more essential foods, including protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and fat. During this experiment, each of the nutrients above will be tested for. Protein is a ver y important nutrient because it has many runs that it does in the body, like fighting diseases, renewing cells, builds muscles, and helps to maintain healthy hair. Milk is a very good source of protein because it contains almost 8 grams1. Proteins lie in of amino acids that are held together by a peptide bond. Not all proteins have the similar function and are created the same(p) way. Even though all proteins are made of amino acids, there are 20 different amino acids that can be chosen to make a particular protein. In order to be able to extract the protein from the milk, one must understand proteins on a molecular(a) level, and how they react to changes in their environment. The amino acids that proteins are organize from have different side chains, which determine how they funct... ... urinalysis strip, it moody brown, indicating there was 1000mg/mL of glucose. This was also the same as the control group. During the test for calcium, the solution turned a milky white color, which was identical to the control group.Some source of error during this experiment would be that some of the whey fell down the beaker, charm the remaining was in the flask. This could cause an error because there was not as much whey as there should have been and this might affect the parsimoniousness of how much of each component is in the whey.ConclusionDue to the results from all of these tests being positive, it can be said that every component that should be in whole milk does exist. This concludes that all whole milk, no matter what the mood of the cow, will have the same molecular components, consisting of proteins, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphate, and lactose. Essay -- ObjectiveThe objectives of the lab were to gain understanding of how to naturally separate a compound that has particles that are not easily removed and to use basic qualitative tests to identify the major components of whole milk3.IntroductionFirst of all, milk is a very complicated mixt ure of many compounds in which the dispersed particles do not settle out. This is called a colloid4. These particles have a very difficult time settling out because they have an insignificant settling rate because their small mass has a low gravitational pull compared to the surface frictional force5. All of the substances in milk are very essential because milk plays such a huge role during the infant stage of all mammals. While milk is well known for its richness in calcium, it contains many more essential nutrients, including protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and fat. During this experiment, each of the nutrients above will be tested for. Protein is a very important nutrient because it has many functions that it does in the body, like fighting diseases, renewing cells, builds muscles, and helps to maintain healthy hair. Milk is a very good source of protein because it contains almost 8 grams1. Proteins consist of amino acids that are held together by a peptide bond. Not all proteins have the same function and are created the same way. Even though all proteins are made of amino acids, there are 20 different amino acids that can be chosen to make a particular protein. In order to be able to extract the protein from the milk, one must understand proteins on a molecular level, and how they react to changes in their environment. The amino acids that proteins are formed from have different side chains, which determine how they funct... ... urinalysis strip, it turned brown, indicating there was 1000mg/mL of glucose. This was also the same as the control group. During the test for calcium, the solution turned a milky white color, which was identical to the control group.Some source of error during this experiment would be that some of the whey fell down the beaker, while the remaining was in the flask. This could cause an error because there was not as much whey as there should have been and this might affect the concentration of how much of each compon ent is in the whey.ConclusionDue to the results from all of these tests being positive, it can be said that every component that should be in whole milk does exist. This concludes that all whole milk, no matter what the mood of the cow, will have the same molecular components, consisting of proteins, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphate, and lactose.

Exemplification Essay: Welfare, A Vicious Circle -- Expository Exempli

Its Dianas turn at the tiny glass window. Her face burns red with shame as she is handed her monthly check. Two pocketable children tug at her dress, their stomachs growling from a day without food. She looks down at her two children, her face filled with pain and guilt. What had happened to their happy life? With just the buffet of the pen across a divorce decree, Diana and her children were thrust into the humiliation of the wellbeing line. For two years now, Diana has tried to get back on her feet, but with altogether a high school diploma, she cant find a job to support her family. Getting a college degree is her only way out, but her check isnt adequate to afford daycare, so shes stuck accepting well-being. This is not an uncommon scenario. Most people on welfare are looking for a way to rejoin the American work force yet, societys stereotype of a welfare recipient is consistently that of a lazy, immoral woman who continues to have children out of wedlock ju st to profit her welfare benefits. This image could not be further from the truth most single mothers who turn to welfare do so for the purpose it was originally created for to be a temporary safety net for those trying to get back on their feet after a job loss or tragedy. Though welfare is supposed to be a temporary source of help, once the woman begins to receive her benefits, she has actually trapped herself in a vicious cycle of poverty, and season the U.S. government takes credit for providing budget money to help thousands of people regain their positions in American society through welfare programs, it actually robs them of their dignity and self-determination. not only that, but this system, ostensibly devised to uplift women and chil... ...rs in the system, there will never be any hope for those on welfare to get off. The welfare program has turned into a vicious circle that traps the recipient, namely single mothers, into a cycle of poverty. But before we ca n change anything politically or economically about the welfare system, we must first re-evaluate our beliefs and prejudices against those who did not ask to be put in this situation is the first place. Works Cited Abramovitz, Mimi, and Frances Piven. Whats Wrong With eudaemonia Reform? The New York Times 2 Sept. 2001 A23. Buchsbaum, Gerbert. The Welfare Debate. Scholastic Update 11 Mar. 1999 6-8. DeParle, Jason. The Entitlement Trap. The New York Times 27 Jan. 1994 A12 Lavelle, Avis. Welfare Means to an End? aroma Apr. 1998 124 Peart, Karen. Life On Welfare. Scholastic Update 11 Mar. 1994 9-10.

Destruction in Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front :: All Quiet on the Western Front Essays

Theme of Destruction in Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet on the Western FrontEveryone knows what war is. Its a nation taking all of its men, resources, weapons and most of its money and bearing all malignantly towards another nation. contend is active death, destruction, disease, loss, pain, suffering and hate. I often think to myself why grown and intelligent individuals cannot resolve matters any better than to take up arms and crawl around, twist around and fight like animals. In All Quiet on the Western Front, Erich Maria Remarque puts all of these aspects of war into a vivid story which tells the horrors of World War 1 through a soldiers eyes. The idea that he conveys most throughout this book is the idea of destruction, the destruction of bodies, minds and innocence. The author starts off his book with a rail line highlighting the meaning of this book. It is as follows This book is to be neither an accusation nor a confession, and least of all an adventure, for death is no t an adventure to those who stand flavor to face with it. It will try simply to tell of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped shells, were destroyed by the war.(Intro) Right after reading this paragraph, I knew that none of this book was to be comical or heroic. It was not going to be one of those stupid stories romanticizing war and making heroes out of men who killed more of the enemy than anyone else this book was about destruction. These few lines before chapter one set the whole tone for the rest of the book. renown does not exist in this story, only death and sadness. The story takes place through the eyes of a German infantryman named Paul Baumer. He is 19 and just joined up with the German army after high school with the persuasion of one of his schoolteachers, Mr. Kantorek. Paul recalls how he would use all social class period lecturing the students, peering through his spectacles and saying Wont you join up comrades?(10). Here was a man who loved war. He loved the glory of war. He loved it so much as to persuade every boy in his class to join up with the army. He must have thought how proud they would be marching out onto that field in their military attire.

Religion Versus Government Essay -- Government

Over two thousand years after Aristotles said, There are two parts to a good government one is the actual obedience of citizens to the laws, the other part is the goodness of the laws which they obey, (Frank 328) his words still rings true in modern societies. the States is full of opinions and various ideas, but the government itself is steady. The leaders and key decision makers on the other hand are not. These people, who are entrusted with the responsibility of running the government, a good deal use this power to thrust their personal opinions into the laws the citizens must abide by. Thus their choices bring turmoil within the country. A common difference among the Statesns is peoples spiritual and heavenly belief. Some call it religion and others call it a lifestyle. The passion people feel for each of their personal experiences and the integral part it plays in peoples lives makes it a complicated to fix. This fissure between religion and government causes a conflict in society, it halts progress, causes unnecessary deaths and it creates a gaping crevasse that splits America at its very heart.Christianity, Muslim, Islam, Atheism, and many other religious beliefs are practiced in the United States of America. Each of these religions has its own doctrines that guide its followers, producing disagreements on many important issues. For one, the War on Terror is a major source of conflict. It is a massive clash between Iraqs Muslim nation and Americas Christian nation. It began when on September 11, 2001 an Islamic religious terrorist group called Al Qaida hijacked two American planes and crashed them into the World Trade Centers in New York. In response, regenerate Christian, George W. Bush, has disclosed his inst... ... 16 Mar. 2012. Web. 30 Apr. 2012 .Poole, Shelia M. Catholics Upset by Federal Health Insurance Mandate. Ajc.com. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 1 Feb. 2012. Web. 30 Apr. 2012 .Samuels, Dorothy. Back to First Principles on g hostly Freedom. New York Times. 25 Feb. 2012. Web. .Stiglitz, Joseph E. and Linda J. Bilmes The True Cost of the Iraq War $3 Trillion and beyond.Washington Post. The Washington Post, 5 Sept. 2010. Web. 1 May 2012 .

Memasyarakatkan Alkitab atau meng(al)kitabkan masyarakat? :: essays research papers

Memasyarakatkan Alkitab atau meng(al)kitabkan masyarakat?Tantangan dan Kesempatan bagi metode BGA dalam konteks kelisanan dan keberaksaraanMakalah ini disajikan dalam salah satu sesi dalam pelatihan Tim Pelayanan Proyek Philadelphia (TP3) padenosine deaminase tanggal 26 Juli 2004, di Wisma Anugerah, Cisarua, Bogor.PengantarMakalah ini merupakan bentuk konkretisasi dari refleksi saya berdasarkan berbagai pergumulan berteologi serta pengalaman melayani dalam pembinaan BGA serta berdasarkan karya sehari-hari sebagai anggota staf penerbitan Yayasan PPA. Sebelumnya saya pernah menyusun dan menyajikan beberapa renungan dan makalah yang telah saya sajikan dalam berbagai pertemuan internal PPA. Perkembangan serta perubahan pemikiran saya setelah saat-saat tersebut kini tertuang dalam makalah ini.Melalui judul dari makalah ini, saya ingin menunjukkan bahwa masih ada beberapa kebijakan, pemikiran, dasar ideologis-teologis dll. yang berkaitan dengan metode BGA, yang masih perlu diperjelas. Jud ul dari makalah ini menyiratkan salah satu dari beberapa pilihan yang harus diambil memasyarakatkan Alkitab atau justru meng(al)kitabkan masyarakat. Tujuan makalah ini adalah untuk mengajak kita memikirkan pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti ini, serta pendapat saya tentang jawaban-jawabannya bagi pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut.Mencari udang di balik batu Konteks keberaksaraan, kelisanan, dan kemajemukan media dalam gaya hidup orang IndonesiaAda banyak istilah yang digunakan orang untuk menjelaskan kemampuan seseorang untuk membaca dan menulis. Ada yang menggunakan istilah melek huruf, keaksaraan, keberaksaraan dll. Dalam makalah ini, saya akan menggunakan istilah keberaksaraan untuk menunjuk kondisi masyarakat yang secara umum didasarkan pada kemampuan membaca dan menulis, dan melek huruf untuk kondisi seseorang. Untuk kondisi seseorang yang tidak mampu membaca dan menulis saya menggunakan istilah buta huruf, sementara kelisanan menunjuk kepada kondisi masyarakat yang lebih didominasi ol eh ujaran verbal ketimbang teks tertulis. Saya juga ingin memperjelas makna dari satu istilah yang saya gunakan dalam makalah ini. Mengikuti definisi yang digunakan oleh UNESCO, buku atau kitab adalah bahan cetak yang terdiri dari 49 halaman atau lebih, tidak termasuk halaman sampulnya.Menurut Susenas/Statistik Pendidikan, proporsi penduduk buta huruf usia 10 tahun ke atas adalah sebagai berikut Jenis KelaminKotaDesaKota dan DesaPria3.7610.327.52Wanita9.4420.1715.54Pria dan Wanita6.6315.5311.55Beda Wanita Pria5.689.858.02Angka ini bisa kita bandingkan dengan tabel keberaksaraan penduduk dunia menurut wilayahnya yang ada di bawah ini. Secara sekilas, kelihatannya taraf keberaksaraan penduduk Indonesia, termasuk umat Kristen di dalamnya, telah mencapai angka yang cukup menggembirakan. Kita dapat mengandaikan bahwa penduduk Indonesia beragama Kristen (yang pada tahun 2000, demikian menurut LP3ES, berjumlah 17.954.977 jiwa atau 8,92% dari keseluruhan jumlah penduduk ) juga memiliki pers entase keberaksaraan yang kurang lebih sama dengan komponen penduduk Indonesia lainnya. Bila angka-angka ini benar, maka kelihatannya tersedia ladang yang cukup besar bagi pelayanan pencetakan Alkitab serta literatur penyertanya (sekitar 15 juta jiwa orang Kristen yang dikategorikan tidak buta huruf).

Memasyarakatkan Alkitab atau meng(al)kitabkan masyarakat? :: essays research papers

Memasyarakatkan Alkitab atau meng(al)kitabkan masyarakat?Tantangan dan Kesempatan bagi metode BGA dalam konteks kelisanan dan keberaksaraanMakalah ini disajikan dalam salah satu sesi dalam pelatihan Tim Pelayanan Proyek Philadelphia (TP3) pada tanggal 26 Juli 2004, di Wisma Anugerah, Cisarua, Bogor.PengantarMakalah ini merupakan bentuk konkretisasi dari refleksi saya berdasarkan berbagai pergumulan berteologi serta pengalaman melayani dalam pembinaan BGA serta berdasarkan karya sehari-hari sebagai anggota staf penerbitan Yayasan PPA. Sebelumnya saya pernah menyusun dan menyajikan beberapa renungan dan makalah yang telah saya sajikan dalam berbagai pertemuan internal PPA. Perkembangan serta perubahan pemikiran saya setelah saat-saat tersebut kini tertuang dalam makalah ini.Melalui judul dari makalah ini, saya ingin menunjukkan bahwa masih ada beberapa kebijakan, pemikiran, dasar ideologis-teologis dll. yang berkaitan dengan metode BGA, yang masih perlu diperjelas. Judul dari makalah ini menyiratkan salah satu dari beberapa pilihan yang harus diambil memasyarakatkan Alkitab atau justru meng(al)kitabkan masyarakat. Tujuan makalah ini adalah untuk mengajak kita memikirkan pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti ini, serta pendapat saya tentang jawaban-jawabannya bagi pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut.Mencari udang di balik batu Konteks keberaksaraan, kelisanan, dan kemajemukan media dalam gaya hidup orang IndonesiaAda banyak istilah yang digunakan orang untuk menjelaskan kemampuan seseorang untuk membaca dan menulis. Ada yang menggunakan istilah melek huruf, keaksaraan, keberaksaraan dll. Dalam makalah ini, saya akan menggunakan istilah keberaksaraan untuk menunjuk kondisi masyarakat yang secara umum didasarkan pada kemampuan membaca dan menulis, dan melek huruf untuk kondisi seseorang. Untuk kondisi seseorang yang tidak mampu membaca dan menulis saya menggunakan istilah buta huruf, sementara kelisanan menunjuk kepada kondisi masyarakat yang lebih didominasi oleh ujaran commu nicative ketimbang teks tertulis. Saya juga ingin memperjelas makna dari satu istilah yang saya gunakan dalam makalah ini. Mengikuti definisi yang digunakan oleh UNESCO, buku atau kitab adalah bahan cetak yang terdiri dari 49 halaman atau lebih, tidak termasuk halaman sampulnya.Menurut Susenas/Statistik Pendidikan, proporsi penduduk buta huruf usia 10 tahun ke atas adalah sebagai berikut Jenis KelaminKotaDesaKota dan DesaPria3.7610.327.52Wanita9.4420.1715.54Pria dan Wanita6.6315.5311.55Beda Wanita Pria5.689.858.02Angka ini bisa kita bandingkan dengan tabel keberaksaraan penduduk dunia menurut wilayahnya yang ada di bawah ini. Secara sekilas, kelihatannya taraf keberaksaraan penduduk Indonesia, termasuk umat Kristen di dalamnya, telah mencapai angka yang cukup menggembirakan. Kita dapat mengandaikan bahwa penduduk Indonesia beragama Kristen (yang pada tahun 2000, demikian menurut LP3ES, berjumlah 17.954.977 jiwa atau 8,92% dari keseluruhan jumlah penduduk ) juga memiliki persentase k eberaksaraan yang kurang lebih sama dengan komponen penduduk Indonesia lainnya. Bila angka-angka ini benar, maka kelihatannya tersedia ladang yang cukup besar bagi pelayanan pencetakan Alkitab serta literatur penyertanya (sekitar 15 juta jiwa orang Kristen yang dikategorikan tidak buta huruf).

The Epidemic of Teenagers Using Drugs

The Epidemic of Teenagers Abusing Drugs Krystyn Romualdo COM/156 November 18, 2012 Jackie Hudspeth Jr The Epidemic of Teenagers Abusing Drugs To extradite known so many people that have struggled with dose addiction in their teenage years it has move around actu everyy app arnt what a vital time in nonpareils life it is to know the dangers of abusing do drugss as a teen. Even though non all teens abuse drugs, it is an epidemic in the United States because more teens are turning to drugs to escape or use come out of boredom.Take my younger brother for sheath he has struggled with drug addiction from the time he was a teenager into his early twenties. My brother Matthew started off smoking pot and drinking socially out of boredom. Then he rig the drug crack cocaine to escape from reality as his world came crashing down around him. Once he prime that drug he went overboard and started stealing electronics and pawning them for m geniusy to buy his drugs. From there he would al so beg people for m wholenessy and obtain it to get his fix. He would clean up for about a week at a time but would fall right back into it.He would blast his music in his room while he was high on drugs. He would also disappear for days at a time while on a drug binge. After stealing everything in my mothers house my mother finally committed him to a drug rehabilitation center. The first sensation failed. The second one failed. Matthew barely could not get off the drugs. He to this day struggles with drug addiction, and he is now twenty four. However Matthew is just one of many with stories like these. Let us look at how many others are a part of this vicious cycle known as drug abuse among teens.A lot of teenagers abuse drugs for a variety of reasons, stress from school, social acceptance or low self-esteem, self-medication, misinformation, and easy access to name several. Seventy trey percent of teens of teens report the number one reason for using drugs is to impart with th e pressures and stress of school. This was done by the Partnership for a Drug-Free America (2010). They have to deal with the pressures of being socially accepted, what clothes they are wearing if they are cool and the overall stress of their schoolwork. Self-medication being nother reason teenagers use drugs is huge. One self-medicates to deal with all types of stress that they retrieve like they cannot cope with. There was a study conducted in 2009 that reported an estimated seventy percent of teens suffer from undiagnosed clinical depression perhaps at some point in their life. Depression is a leading cause and effect of why teens turn to drugs. Many teens are unaware that they have an underlying mental or mood disorder that is causing them to use illegal or prescription drugs to self-medicate and cope with their symptoms.Teenagers abuse drugs collect to misinformation with studies showing that many teenagers do not know the effects of drugs. Most teens do not see any major ris k with abusing drugs. Forty one percent of teens mistakenly believe that it is safer to abuse a prescription drug over a street drug. Teens also abuse drugs for social acceptance. They want to be accepted by their peers so they do drugs just to be part of a group or clique. Another reason is low self-esteem. People who feel down on themselves are more likely to abuse drugs to feel better about themselves.Easy access is one of the main reasons teenagers easily get attached to drugs. Almost fifty percent of teenagers say it is easy for them to get marijuana seventeen percent say it is easy to get methamphetamine fourteen percent mention that it is easy obtain heroine and over fifty percent of teens say it is easy to get prescription drugs from their parents medical specialty cabinets. Let us explore how one teenager became addicted to drugs by outlet through the medicine cabinets of his own family. This teenager was a football star and had made more wins for his team than he can co unt.But he started to have troubling pain in his hamstring. He decided at first to just walk it off instead of going to the doctor. This teenager walked it off until he could not endure it anymore. He remembered that his father had a surgery a while back. So he searched for the medication and ensnare a prescription pill bottle that said Percocet on it. The bottle said to take every four to six hours for pain. Now Percocet is a inviolate painkiller that is highly addictive. This teenager was unaware of its high addiction level so he started to take them as directed.When he ran out of those he found more prescription painkillers from his brothers medicine cabinet because he had to win the big game. Once he found his brothers medicine he had enough to last him to win the big and final game. He won the big game but afterwards he ran out of medicine. He started to get sick and began to experience hot and cold sweats and catchd he was physically addicted to prescription drugs. He had t o go through withdrawals to realize he was physically addicted to the drugs. But withdrawals are just one of many results of using or abusing drugs.There are many bad outcomes to abusing drugs. Some teenagers just waste away their lives. Others hurt the ones they love by stealing from them or treating them horribly when they are coming down off their high. Some teens become very violent and out of control towards everyone around them. Some teens run away and disappear for life. Other teenagers get raped not even knowing it unless somebody tells them what happened unless they were awake during the rape. A rising problem among teens and drug use is teen pregnancy.Minimally, one million teenage girls become pregnant annually, reports the Womens International cyberspace News (1992). One study of youth in three urban areas found that between twenty nine and forty two percent of the girls canvas reported being pregnant at least once before the age of seventeen (Huizinga, Loeber, & Thorn berry, 1993). The effects of this has caused a decline in furthering education and an lam in single parenthood as most young men do not stay to support the child or even be there for the teenage girl during pregnancy let alone post-partum.Another bad outcome is teenage violence. Teenagers are particularly vulnerable to violence and victimization. They are at a high risk for interfamilial emotional, physical and sexual abuse (Strom, K. , Oguinick, C. M. , & Singer, M. I. Page 3, 1995). They experience twice the amount of violence adults do. Some of the violence includes theft, assault, and rape. On a ten point scale drug abuse was at an 8. 5 for teens being at a high risk (Stephens, G. Page 2, 2010). It is not all grim as there is hope. There are many resources to help teenagers overcome the use of drugs. One is in the schools.Knowing that school drop outs and failure in school are contributors to drug use it is clear how critical it is to have an educational facility with competent , caring teachers working with parents and the community (Stephens, G. Page 3, 2010). However, most teens in this digital age, do better turning to groundss such as Above the Influence and Under Your give Influence. Under Your Own Influence was a campaign that started off in several schools and ran a campaign from 1992 to 1995. Above the Influence is a campaign that still continues today on a national level. two were started to get kids to stay off marijuana butAbove the Influence has turned into a national campaign to stay off all drugs. Be Under Your Own Influence was found to reduce marijuana uptake in an earlier randomized community trial. It was re-branded as Above the Influence by the Office of content Drug Control Policy (Slater, M. , Kelly, K. , Lawrence, F. , Stanley, L. , & Comello, M. Page 1). Above the Influence not only serves as a television media campaign but has its own website with piles of information and help such as testimonials, ways to help a friend and in teractive communications to keep kids off of drugs and above the influence of them.Even though not all teens abuse drugs, it is an epidemic in the United States because more teens are turning to drugs to escape or use out of boredom. We have experient my own personal account of knowing someone addicted to drugs. You have seen the numbers of how easy it is for teens to get drugs and why they abuse them. We have seen how prescription drug abuse comes about. We have explored some of the outcomes of drug abuse and what resources are available to help teens overcome or abstain from drug abuse. If you know a teenager abusing drugs, help them help themselves and get them the help that they need.References (American mental Association). Strom, K. , Oguinick, C. M. , & Singer, M. I. (1995). What do Teenagers Want? What do Teenagers Need?. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 12 (5), 345-359. (American mental Association). Lindstrom, M. (2011). PAIN PILLS?. Odyssey 20(7), 30. (American Psychological Association). Stephens, G. (2010). Youth at Risk A New Plan for Saving The Worlds Most Precious Resource. Futurist, 44 (4), 16. (American Psychological Association). Johnson, A. O. , Mink, M. D. , Harun, N. , Moore, C. G. , Martin, A. B. Bennett, K. J. (2008). Violence and Drug Use in Rural Teens National Prevalence Estimates from the 2003 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Journal of School Health, 78 (10), 554-561. doi10. 1111/j. 1746-1561. 2008. 00343. x (American Psychological Association). Slater, M. , Kelly, K. , Lawrence, F. , Stanley, L. , & Comello, L. (2011). Assessing media campaigns linking marijuana non-use with autonomy and aspirations Be Under Your Own Influence and ONDCPs Above the Influence. Prevention Science The Official Journal of The friendship For Prevention Research, 12(1), 12-22.

Eli Lilly and Company: Innovation in Diabetes Care Essay

Eli Lilly and Company has success in produce and sells insulin in the United States in 1923 and in 1995 Eli Lilly has prevail the world insulin market with an other company. But Eli Lilly has miss some of its opportunity in diabetes c atomic number 18 when it exhausting to sell its harvest to the world. What went wrong with Eli Lilly during that time? present are few points. First of all, Lilly has trying hard to improve their product. But as the case mentions when Lillys Match product come out, it become a rival commodities to Lillys own middle-aged product. When it comes to product life cycle, it true that company needs to put out impudent product before the old product become slight revenue but in this situation for Eli Lilly is different. Beca using up of the market rate it hold in US diabetes care market is almost 80% and the new product will definitely hurt the revenue the old product produce.So Eli Lilly actually decided not to put it on to the market. It was not a clev er idea of choosing to thinking of its revenue instead of customer need. And when it comes to asking the customer what they need. Eli Lilly asked the wrong customer. Instead of asking the people who are actually using diabetes care product, Eli Lilly went into posit. What the doctor wants is totally opposite from what the patient need, the doctor want the customer come to them regularly because thats the way that doctor earn money from. But patient or customers want to be able to control it by themselves. When Eli Lilly tar contained wrong customer it eventually hurt its revenue. Nova is considering the of import competitor for Eli Lilly.But both two companies put up similar product into market. They try to put out the newest product in order to describe more customers and gain more profit from it. But does the customer really need those newest products. It becomes the question between should the product be consumers-demand trajectory or technology-performance trajectory. In thi s case, the answer would probably consumers-demand trajectory. Even though two companies put out good product but the customer used to the product they already have. And the customer are sensitive to the price since those products are using only few times and need to be change all the time.Even though at that place are some parts that Eli Lilly fail on it but it try hard to understand what their customer really need. Eli Lilly found out thatcustomer would involuntary to use their new product if they did some change to it such as more easy for customers to using new product or using other technology instead of need to inject. And more important is that Eli Lilly found out that most of their customers dont have enough of information about diabetes care. So Eli Lilly set up an Controlled Diabetes Services program (CDS) which educating people and building a community of patients the value of their insulin therapy.I think Eli Lilly made a good finding about setting up CDS which can in directly understand what their customers need and allow more people have more opportunity to get to sleep together their product and use their product. Focusing on know their customer and educating their customer will let more and more people know their new product and form a habit of using their new product. If CDS successfully then Eli Lilly new product such as Match and Insulin pens will have less problem when it sales on the market.Instead of keep on compete with similar product on the market, Eli Lilly should look for new opportunities. Eli Lilly should ask their customers what their value for the product, how they use it to find out the need for customer. Also Eli Lilly need to protect their current market. In pharmaceutical industry, once you lost a customer, it will be harder to get that customer back. When customers change to other medicine, it will take customer time to get used to the new medicine and once customer used to the new medicine. They will gain royal to it bec ause of changing cost and troubles it might occur.Even Eli Lilly have miss some opportunities in diabetes care market but its trying to using the resources and new product to regain their advantage to the diabetes care market for example the CDS program will definitely gain revenue, new customer and splay new market for it. But beside CDS program, it would have to put up more products. And I do think that compare to technology-performance trajectory, Eli Lilly should go with consumers-demand trajectory. Since of the technology-performance trajectory competitive is tender and it could not earn more profit from it. By changing to consumers-demand trajectory will give it more choose and opportunities.

Assessment of Financial Health

Reocities Home Neighborhoods Making Of Cases in Finance Final Project Report gracious control panels, Inc. (1988) Gary Cao Noah N Flom Robert Harris Srini Pidikiti May 1997 elude of CONTENTS 1 Assessment of pecuniary Health & Pro Forma Financial Statements 1. 1 Review of History and Statement of Financial Health 1. 1. 1 outwear 1. 1. 2 complaisant cards History 1. 1. 3 couthie Financials 1. 2 Review and Evaluation of Pro Forma Statements 1. 3 Financial policy / Covenants 2 Beaumonts Decisions 2. 1 Envelope Machine Proposal 2. 1. 1 Evaluation 2. 1. 2 Financial Effect of Investment 2. 1. Recommendation 2. 2 Evaluation of West Coast (new beauteousness offer) 2. 2. 1 Advantages 2. 2. 2 Disadvantages 2. 3 evaluation of Creative Designs, Inc. 2. 3. 1 Capital Structure Argument 2. 3. 2 Weighted Average Cost of Capital Assumptions (WACC) 2. 3. 3 Cash F outsets, Terminal take account, Equity Value military ratings 2. 4 Pooling Implictions (Friendly + CD) 2. 5 Friendly Cards St ock Valuation 3 Over both Assessment 4 Goals for the Financial Structure of Friendly Cards, Inc. - PART 1. Assessment of Financial Health & Pro Formas 1. Review of History and Statement of Financial Health Wendy Beaumont, president of Friendly Cards, Inc. , has quickly spread out her greeting card business through internal harvest-feast and eruditions. Ms. Beaumont realizes that money is currently tight, however, she is adamant about succeeding(a) growth and has sought our reliance as to de limitine her best course of action. In postureing a decision we will first conduct an analysis of the industry, then give a pitiable history of Friendly Cards, Inc. (Friendly), and then examine Friendlys financial statements to determine the financial health of the participation.Industry Information The greeting card industry is dominated by trio large companies, (H whollymark, American Greetings, & Gibson), which argon referred to as The Big Three. The Big Three dominate market share, and the remaining competitors are predominantly small private and family own firms. The greeting card industry is characterized elevated fixed costs due to large inventory costs, large investment costs in the establishment of stream linaged diffusion lines, and the sine qua non for a highly diversified product lines. Market leaders enjoy great economies of scale which tends to hinder new ntrants into the market. As a result, the card industry is capital intensive and very belligerent. The number of firms competing in the industry has decreased by an annualized estimate of 15% over the last three decades. Exiting firms were typically smaller in size, the majority of which had less than 50 employees. Additionally, the competitive nature of the market results in a high degree of price sensitivity which culminates in smaller margins on gross revenue. Sales tend to be very seasonal in nature with peaks during major holidays.There is trending toward a larger pastiche of card offeri ngs (increasing inventories), shorter carrying/selling periods, increased diversification of product lines, and an increase in gross sales of everyday card game as compared to holiday cards. Friendly Cards, Inc. Beaumont Greeting Card Co. was founded by Wendy Beaumont in 1978, in virgin York City. She later admitd Lithograph Publishing Co. and took these companies public a year later for $3 a share at a lower place the name Friendly Cards, Inc. Friendly has rapidly expanded by acquiring Glitter Greetings of Lansing, Michigan (for cash and equity), whose primary market was selling cards to supermarkets. before long thereafter, it acquired Edwards & Co. of Long Beach, New York (for cash), whose primary market was selling juvenile valentines through chain, drug, variety, and discount stores, as well as, to wholesalers and supermarkets. These acquisitions greatly enhanced Friendlys distribution line expanding it to a regional power. Later Friendly acquired a California firm (Friendl y Artists) which extended the distribution line to a case basis. Friendly Artists primary market was prepackaged cards direct to the warehouse.Twenty- 5 percent of Friendlys sales are prepackaged boxes, which chip in a higher margin than regular cards due to lower return grade and lower handling costs. Currently, Friendly appears to be a niche player in the prepackaged box cards market and has gelded door into the bounty card market, thus, avoiding direct competition with the Big Three. Friendlys sales are to a greater extent concentrated than the industry with the majority of sales occurring near Christmas at 30% (vs. Industry 32%), and Valentines Day at 25% (vs. Industry 7%). Thus, over 55% of sales occur within a 3 month period.Plants at Friendly are being used at capacity thus, growth would necessitate further additions or acquiring contract services. Friendlys distribution line is causeive for a smaller firm due to its expression. Of twenty salesmen, one-third work on commission thus lowering Friendlys costs. However, one problem with victimisation salesmen on commission and having such a small sales force is the tendency to sell to rack jobbers and wholesale distributors. This decreases the potential margin on cards by deuce-thirds. Friendlys Financials Sales have increased by over 50% between 1985 to 1987.Cost of goods sold has decreased as a percentage of sales in each of those years thus, producing an increasing margin ( 29. 36% in 1985 to 35. 15% in 1987). The rapid growth by acquisition and the national distribution channels that were accomplished by it, have affected the number reasonably. In 1986 selling and delivery expenses increased by 1. 45% and this leveled out in 1987. G&A expenses also spiked in 86, reflecting the new purchase of a nonher ac conjunction, and then flocktled back in 1987. However, age sales may have grown rapidly they have not matched the increase in summation growth, which n beforehand(predicate) doubled in 1986.Growth in this company is being funded by improving margins and by increasing leverage, as leveld by the Dupont Data. Although the acquisitions were acquired by both cash and equity, the majority were debt financed, which explains why the ROE figures have increased so dramatically (almost 16%) in the last three years. The activity proportions indicate that the due to payable were in arrears by 36 days in 1985 increasing to 52 days in 1987. This is probably a result of increased sales to less credit valuey individuals or inattention to collections. Inventory disturbance umbers are decrease due to the continually larger inventories being carried. Net fixed asset turnover has decreased by 2. 3% between 1985 and 1987. This can be explained by higher growth in assets than in sales. The liquidity ratios indicate that the asset to liability ratio for this company is trending down. The current ratio indicates that the company is becoming slightly more insolvent with a current ra tio of 1. 18 during 87. However, by looking at the Quick ratio and discounting for the affect of inventory in the asset number, the company is dramatically less liquid at 0. 67 in 1987.This indicates that the company is very highly leveraged and is using its large inventory levels in tack together to support its substantial borrowing inevitably. Friendlys actual growth rate exceeded the sustainable growth rate in 1986 and was equivalent in 1987. This difference in 1986 produced a need for added debt to finance growth. However excess funds were not undeniable to fund extra growth in 1987 since the actual rate of growth did not exceed the sustainable rate of growth. This can also be seen in the total debt to equity ratio which increased from 3 in 1985 to 5. 21 in 1986 and reduced to 4. 1 in 1987. The leverage ratios indicate that the situate loans to debt are fairly well matched, with loans being less than receivables, however, increasing in percentage. Inte ataraxis expression debt jumped dramatically in 1986 as a result of debt funded acquisitions but continues to level off along with total debt to equity figures in 1987. Finally, debt to assets has increased dramatically in the last three years, increasing by 7. 5% to 82. 5% in 1987. Thus Friendly Cards seems to be very highly leveraged, even more so than other firms in the industry although the trend is to increase debt.This highly leveraged position coupled with the high fixed costs and low margins characteristic of the industry, exposes Friendly as extremely susceptible to fluctuations in the market. Therefore, further debt growth may not be advisableespecially since it is currently violating its existing debt covenants. However, Continued growth, however, is needed as to allow the company to further take advantage of its existing distribution lines and realize further economies of scale. 1. 2 Review and Evaluation of Pro Forma Statements The parameters that Ms.Beaumont has set for the pro formas see m reasonalbe for the most part. There are, however, some questionable numbers. For instance, all the forecasts are based on continued sales growth at 20% per year. When compared to astronomical growth rates of 58% in 1986 and 27% in 1987, these estimates appear almost conservative. The majority of the growth in the past, however, were associated with major acquisitions which served to inflate the sales numbers. The historical reluctance to use equity to grow would serve to limit growth if continued into the prospective.Furthermore, it may be difficult to continue to grow at such a high rates in an increasingly competitive market. Holding costs of goods runs at 65% of sales and may also present a problem depending on whether the company can continue to manage its costs as it continues to grow. It could be argued that the reason CGS has crepusculeped recently is due to the acquisition of Friendly Artists and the increasing reliance on a sales mix made up of low cost prepackaged boxe s of cards. A shift in the mix away from these items could increase costs. Also, further acquisitions will serve to push up delivery and selling costs.For our purposes, however, holding them flat seems reasonable. The tax rate seems low at 38% but, depending on the new volume of sales and the maximum tax rate for a corporation, this rate could be even higher. And while the rest of the numbers seem to follow their previous assumptions, the inventory turnover, debt to asset, and delight rate assumptions could be assumed differently. As a result of increased competition in the industry, increasing variations of cards as well as shorter holding duration, it is very unlikely that inventory turnover would improve to 1. 1, and it may very well drop well below this number, possibly to 1. 75. Since growth is likely to continue into the future, an increased amount of inventory will be needed for new market areas. Debt to assets ask to decrease, but this will be difficult to do without fundi ng growth by equity rather than debt. The large sales growth assumptions are instanter related to acquisitions, thus increasing assets. If this is done through equity, this number is very realistic. Finally, there may be a problem with the assumption that interest rates on LTD will be 11%.The Monetary Policy Report to Congress indicates that rates should tend to decrease in the future so this rate may be attainable even to such a highly leveraged firm as Friendly. Without more information this estimate seems fine. 1. 3 Financial Policy / Covenants Friendlys apparent financial policy is rapid growth by debt. This debt-financed growth may be due to a ownership issues that could affects Ms. Beaumonts control over her company. The financials indicate that growth is also taking place at the expense of margins, as indicated by the Dupont data.The company believes in the economies of scale of the industry and appears to be establishing a national distribution network. While costly in the short run, this strategy may enable a viable and profitable position in the industry. The elements of Friendlys financial policy appear to be the following. Friendlys capital structure mix is governed by a debt orientation. Its debt/assets ratio is currently at 82. 5% which places is significantly below the abdominal aortic aneurysm rate. AAA bonds are listed at 9. 7% while Friendly can only borrow at 11. 5%.While equity has been used in recent acquisitions there is a strong preference by management to use debt funding. Without question, Friendly is at an inherent juncture. Existing lines of credit are maxed out and the affirm is imposing new covenants on future loans bank loans 85% of AR and liabilities not to exceed three times the BV of the company. Friendly currently has a $6. 25 million line of credit. Under the current structure Friendly will be in violation in 1987 with bank loans at 87% of AR and debt to equity is at 3. 13 times.Significantly, bank and trade credit for Fr iendly is expected to reach over $9 million in Dec. 87. Long term and short term debt are both fueling growth. The basis is assumed to be the prime rate (which is 8. 5%) plus 2. 5% points. This is assumed to be a fixed rate established at the time of borrowing. The companys currency is the U. S. dollar and the company does not have any exotica policy to mention. Control of the company rests solely with Ms. Beaumont as she is both the president and the leading shareholder, possessing 55% of the stock. An additional 20% of the stock is owned by employees and officers of the company.Finally, earnings are retained for future growth and runing current obligations. There are no dividend payments and the stock has depreciated in value from a high of $15 a share. PART 2. Decisions set about by Ms. Beaumont 2. 1 Envelope Machine Investment Evaluation of the Envelope Machine We do not control that the investment in the envelope railcar will result in a return of 31%. The reason for this i s that the working capital needed to fund the machine would be funded by additional debt by the company. The interest on the debt needs to be considered before evaluating the total return on the investment.Under this scenario, and considering that Friendly Cards interest on debt is 11% the interest expense is $22,000 per year before taxes. Our Estimated Annual savings from Operation of Envelope Machine, Years 1 through 8 ( Dollar figures in thousands) is as follows savings Outlays for envelopes purchased in 1987 $1,500 Incremental expenses from manufacturing envelopes Materials$ 902 Warehouse 94 Labor 91 Depreciation 62 Total Expenses $1,149 subjoin in Profit before Taxes (decrease in COGS) 351 pastime Expense on Working Capital 22Actual Increase in Profit before Taxes 339 Increase in Income Taxes . 38 125 Increase in profit after taxes $ 204 The projected Cash flows for the investment in the machine are (attachments). base upon the cash flows projected in the above postpone the internal Rate of Return on the investment is 26%. Based upon Friendly Cards Cost of Equity which is 20% (Appendix WACC) buying the machine with all equity at 20% or debt at 11% is recommended Financial Effects of Investment The Financial effects of buying the envelope machine are can be examined in detail in Appendix Machine.The activity ratios for Friendly if the investment in the machine is made are (attachments). The investment in the machine has the following effects * Decreases Cost of Goods Sold by about 1. 5 % which in turn increases the Gross Margins * Decreases Inventory Turnover from 1. 91 to 1. 86 * Increases Funds needed in 1988 by $418,000, in 1989 by $323,000 and in 1990 by $112,000. * meshing per share increase to $2. 89 in 1990 from $2. 53 in 1990 without investment * By making the investment in the machine Friendly would not be able to meet both of the covenants required by the bank The ratio of the bank loans to receivables exceeds . 85 in all three periods. * Ra tio of Friendlys total liabilities to the book value of the companys net worth exceed 3 in 1988 and 1989 which do not meet the covenant but in 1990 the ratio drops down to 2. 94 where it meets the covenants. 2. 2 Evaluation of West Coast Offer (New Equity) We agree with Ms. McConvilles conclusion that Friendly should accept the offer from the West Coast Group at the terms stated if that was the only option available to Friendly Cards. The advantages of this marriage proposal would be Agency costs will be only 5% compared to the actual costs if an investment bank was used to sell securities of the company in a public offering. * The infusion of equity would enable Friendly to meet all the covenants required by the banks (Appendix WC) enabling Friendly to continue its rapid growth without any financial restrictions from the bank. * The equity infusion would enable Friendly to invest in the envelope making machine and reduce its cost structure and equable meet all covenants required by the bank. * The uncertainty about how many securities will be sold if a public stock offering is held is eliminated. inveterate rapid growth would enable Friendly to retain most of the sales representatives who might shift to a competing firm if growth is slowed to enable Friendly to meet its financial covenants * The price that Friendly is getting is more than reasonable based upon the present value of the discounted cash flows as shown in (Appendix Valuation) Disadvantages of accepting the proposal would be * Loss of control. Ms. Beaumonts who presently owns 55% of the outstanding shares would own 40. 37% of the company after the equity infusion.Even though along with the employees of the company she would own 60% of the company she would not be able to make unilateral decisions. * The West Coast Investors who would own 26% of the company would have a significant feel out in how the company should be run which may affect the current management structure and aversely effect th eir ability to mange the company as they wish. * Reduction of EPS. Earnings per share would be reduced to $2. 29 per share from the projected $2. 89 per share in 1990 with the purchase of the machine and without equity infusion due to the dilution effect of the new shares.This earnings dilution would probably result in a lower share price. (Approximately $18. 32 instead of $23. 12 considering a price multiple of 8). 2. 3. Valuation of Creative Designs, Inc. Capital Structure Argument Ms. Beaumont had been considering a possible acquisition of Creative Designs, Inc. (CD), a small mid-western manufacturer of studio cards. She had examined the details of CDs trading operations for quaternary months, and believed that under her management, CD could immediately reduce cost of goods sold by 5%, and reduce other expenses by 10%.If Friendly acquires CD in early 1988, assumptions are made that CDs sales would stay flat during 1988 but would grow at 6% per year thereafter. Based on the foll owing table from case facts, there is a wide range of Debt-to-Equity Ratios for the four companies within the same industry. American Greetings(AG) D/E ratio increased from 0. 35 in 1985 to 0. 63 in 1987. The reason for this upward trend was that American Greetings had diversified its business segments from solely relying on greeting card sales AG expanded into gift wrap and stationary goods, such as playing cards, gift-books, and college study guides.Such diversification efforts demanded higher debt levels. In addition, AG was a large company with annual sales of $1,174 million in 1987, up 16% from 1985. Gibson Greetings (GG)D/E ratio decreased from 0. 71 in 1985 to 0. 49 in 1987. The reason for this downward trend was that Gibson was a relatively small company, with annual sales of $359 million in 1987, an 8. 8% increase from 1985. GGs growth rate was significantly lower than American Greetings. The total debt-to-equity ratio of Creative Designs would decrease over the next sever al years.Since CDs sales in 1987 was $5 million, it was much smaller than the above two companies. Based on the pro forma financial statements for the period of 1988 to 1990, we see growing sales and EBIT. As a small-size manufacturer, the best capital structure would be financing its operations mainly by internal growth and a significant reduction in the companys debt levels. Ms. Beaumont wanted to acquire CD for the following reasons * In the highly competitive market with high cost in distribution and low margin, Friendly had to grow in order to survive, and CD was a good target Since CDs shareholders concord to the acquisition by stock-exchange, pooling of interests accounting method would be used, and the consolidated financial statements more attractive than without CD, and Friendly need not record goodwill (if any) and avoid amortization of goodwill * Since CD had a relatively low debt level and a very low bank loan to receivable ratio, while Friendly had difficulty meeting its bank borrowing restrictions, acquiring CD would make possible for Friendly to meet the covenants Friendly can easily shuffle CD to its high growth strategy, and expand Friendlys market presence in the mid-western region. Weighted Average Cost of Capital Assumptions (WACC) Based on the case facts that the premium for equity risk was 6% on long-term governmental bond rate of 8. 37%, we may calculate the unleveraged beta for American Greetings and Gibson Greeting, and use a derived estimate as a proxy for CDs unleveraged beta. 1987 Financial Data for Two Large Publicly Traded Companies To be conservative, we assume the unleveraged beta for CD is 0. 77.Since the cost of debt was 11% and the tax rate was 38%, we calculated CDs cost of equity is 13. 97% in 1988, and the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is 11. 07%. Over the next five years, CDs WACC would increase to 11. 92% in 1992 due to the decreasing D/E ratio and therefore the tax shield effect. Cash mensess, Terminal Val ue, Equity Value Valuations In addition to the above information on WACC and sales growth rate, we have made the following assumptions * Sales will stay flat in 1988, but will grow at 6% per year after 1989. * Cost of goods sold will stay at 55. 2% of sales level. * Depreciation, Selling, delivery, and store expenses, and general and administrative expenses will grow proportionately to sales growth. * Increased Retained Earnings will be used to reduce long-term debt. * prepaid expenses will increase by a small amount each year. * Interest expenses will decrease over the period since the debt level will decrease. * No dividend will be paid after 1988. Based on the above assumptions, we found that the total present value for CD was $4. 349 million. Adjusting for the interest-bearing loans totaling $1. million, the net worth of CD would be $3. 049 million, $1. 168 million higher than the calculated value of the stock exchange ($1. 881 million). This indicates that acquiring CD is a go od transaction for Friendly. 2. 4 Pooling Implications (Friendly + CD) By using the pooling of interests accounting method, we constructed the Friendly and CD consolidated financial statements. (see Appendix Valuation Friendly + CD) The impact on 1988 pro forma financial statements is as follows * New bank loans needed decreased from $1. 585 million to $1. 357 million * EPS increased from $1. 7 to $1. 73 * Net profit margin increased from 4. 96% to 5. 49% * Assets turnover increased from 1. 01 to 1. 03 * ROA increased from 5. 01% to 5. 49% * ROE decreased from 25. 23% to 20. 5% * Days in Receivable reduced from 157 to 149 * Bank loan to receivable ratio decreased from 0. 9 to 0. 74 * Interest bearing debt to equity ratio decreased from 2. 62 to 1. 92 * Total debt to equity ratio decreased from 4. 04 to 2. 62. The boilersuit impact of acquiring CD to CF is positive. The result of pooling is in line with Friendly Cards financial strategy.In the long run, acquisition of CD would becom e an integral part of Friendly Cards strategic plan for the next few years to achieve a higher growth rate and increased market share. In the short run, acquisition of CD would meet Friendly Cards immediate financial needs enabling the company to meet the banks covenants, specifically, to reduce the bank loan to receivable ratio to an estimated 0. 9 in 1988 to 0. 85 or lower, and to decrease total liabilities to equity ratio from an estimate 4. 04 in 1988 to 3 or lower. The result of pooling shows that these two requirements are met. 2. 5 Friendly Cards Stock ValuationAssumptions Capital structure Based upon the pro forma financial statements and the bank covenants requirements, we assume the capital structure to be 75% debt and 25% equity. Any other capital structures with the reduction of debt would make it more difficult to get additional capital through equity. We need the debt financing to be able to meet Ms. Beaumonts growth requirment. Discount rates We assume the cost of deb t to be 11%. This is based upon the following facts In early 1988, interest rates were declining, the 10-year Treasury Notes rate declined from 9. 52% in October 1987 to 8. 9% in January 1988 even though the short-term Prime Rate increased to 9. 07% by October 1987, it had decreased to 8. 5% by January 1988 furthermore, the Federal Reserves Monetary Policy Report(Jan. 1988) stated that high rates of capacity utilization and low unemployment suggest the needs in maintaining progress toward price stability, indicating that interest rates would stabilize at the present level. Also the need to reduce the trade deficit, business and labor would continue to exercise restraint in price and wage behavior, indicating the Fed would hold interest rate at the present level, or even reduce them.We assume the interest rates would hold stable at the present level of 8. 5% and that the lending institution will continue its premium of 2. 5% over prime. We assume all the funding for the debt to be sh ort term as most of the debt would be used to fund the current assets (receivable and inventories). This would be a proper matching of funds. Based on the valuation of Friendly Cards, we found that * FCFE Method (Free Cash Flows for Equity) the valuation was -$ . 95 per share * Free Cash Flow for Capital the valuation was -$5. 5 per share * Book Value Method using 11/2 times Book Value the valuation was $7. 40 * P/E ratio (multiple) method using the industry average P/E ratio of 7, the valuation was $9. 50 per share. (Please refer to appendix Valuation Friendly Cards, Inc. ) The only way the companys stock price was worth $8 to $9. 50 per share was that West Coast Investors and Creative Designs valued the company using a Price to Earnings multiple method. **Note** We attempted to back out a discounted cash flow model that would justify an $8 or $9. 50 share price.By altering certain assumptions, most specifically the sales growth rate we can achieve positive valuations of the st ock price. lazy growth in sales PART 3 Overall Assessment Our testimony to Ms. Beaumont is to (1) First, acquire CD with a stock exchange of 198,000 shares at $9. 5/share, (2) With the additional leverage obtained by the CD acquisition, purchase the envelope machine. As evidenced by the above matrix and graphs, even though Friendly Cards would achieve a higher EPS by not acquiring CD but buying the machine, it would not meet the bank covenants.Advantages of our recommendation * Meet all of the banks covenants * Meet Ms. Beaumonts growth needs * Meet Ms. Beaumonts requirement on D/E ratio of 2 by 1990 * Maintain a relatively high level of control for Ms. Beaumont over the company * Position the company for future growth by providing a more favorable D/E ratio. Disadvantages of our recommendation * EPS dilution by acquiring CD from $4. 64 per share in 1992 as compared to $4. 15 with the CD acquisition * Reduce Ms. Beaumonts control from currently 55% to 41. 5% with CD acquisition.PA RT 4 Goals for the Financial Structure of Friendly Cards, Inc. 4. 1 Friendly Cards capital structure consideration Our recommendation is that Ms. Beaumont to move Friendly Cards capital structure closer to 60% debt and 40% equity (a D/E ratio of 1. 5). Our reasoning for such a recommendation is as follows tractability For future growth and possible acquisitions, Funds for acquiring more assets (another envelope machine ) to reduce costs. Risk Ability to deal with possible adversity into the future (i. e. , low sales) Lower risk level than current D/E ratio IncomeFuture growth in earnings due to ability to acquire market share through acquisitions. Further exploit the economies of scale to reduce CGS, Handling and Distribution Costs Control Maintain controlling interests in the company Timing Having a higher D/E Friendly can issue equity at more favorable terms at a later date when EPS is higher, the market environment is friendlier, and the company will be in a better financial pos ition. Our recommended target capital structure for Friendly Cards, Inc. of 60/40 D/E is realistically attainable within 3-4 years (mid 1991). Friendly Cards Case Attachments

Entrepreneurial Leadership: Five Guys Burger & Fries

Entrepreneurial Leadership v Guys Burger & Fries Lisa Dunn Dr. Doris Martin BUS 505 Strayer University October 16, 2012 We be in the stemma of selling burgers Jerry Murrell says as one of the mission statements for his company flipper Guys Burger & Fries. atomic number 23 Guys has had the same business plan since Jerry and his sons opened the first burger pasture in 1986. They only use fresh ingredients never frozen. There are no gimmicks to the Five Guys philosophy just easy forage with naive ingredients.Thats how it worked while running one restaurant and thats how it works with now over a thousand restaurants all over the U. S. and Canada (Smith, 2011, p. 2). The philosophy of Five Guys is simple fresh ingredients never frozen. There are no freezers only coolers in their restaurants. They have no drive-thru window and do not deliver. This sets them a resolve from many opposite restaurants. They are not your typical burger joint. Everything is made on premises at each i ndividual franchised location.Most burger places are immediate food, with a drive thru window, and many options of their menu. heretofore Five Guys just wants to make burgers and fries. They keep a simple menu to ensure fibre of food. They know they can make a great burger and are not interested in making a mediocre chicken sandwich just to put more on the menu. Five Guys also has simple advertising and decor, unlike their competitors that spend millions on fancy advertising. Jerry has said, Treat that someone right, hell walk out the door and sell for you.From the beginning, I wanted sight to know that we put all our silver into the food. Thats why the decor is so simple red and white tiles. We dont spend our money on decor. Or on guys in chicken suits. But well go overboard on food (Joiner, 2012) Five Guys values remain unchanged from when hence started the business back in 1986. Jerry has said The only thing we did right was stick to our guns (Burke 2012). They started ou t as a simple burger place and have stayed a simple burger place just more of them. They thrive on customer loyalty and customer service. We are not doing you a favor by destiny you you are doing us a favor by giving us the opportunity to do so (Smith, 2011, p. 2) Jerry has said about how customers are a part of his business. Having the same values from the beginning days to then franchising has helped this unique success story that is Five Guys to be the fastest growing restaurant chain (Rosenwald, 2006). nigh of the factors that contributed to the success of Five Guys in such a short time frame are the employee motivation, the tonus of food, and the overall value of the company.Five Guys says it is key to make employees feel a sense of admitership and accountability. The way they motivate their employees is that they employ secret shoppers and auditors to walk in and inspect the store. If the secret shopper or auditor gives a sacking grade to that location there is a thou sand dollar bonus for the employees to split evenly. It helps to maintain excellence in the food and the cleanliness of the store (York, 2009, p. 3). The great quality of food at Five Guys is based on its loyalty to suppliers. Five Guys buys the best fresh meat and real Idaho potatoes.They could do cheaper products but it would not discretion as good. This of course raises the price of the food, but customers have not complained about paying a few extra bucks for a better burger and fries (Smith, 2012). The overall value of the company has greatly contributed to the success of Five Guys. Once Five Guys started to franchise people thought that the value of the company and its product would decrease. That is not that geek the contracts that franchisers sign makes for the value to consistent and not change a good thing.There are specific and extensive details of how to run and operate a Five Guys restaurant so people going to any of the thousand stores will get the same food that tas tes the same (Rosenwald, 2006). These factors contribute to the short-time success that Five Guys has had. organism who they are and making a simple great tasting burger helps to market a company just by word of mouth. There had been a cookie cutter ways of running a business over the years that Five Guys just threw out the window and did their own thing at their own time.Five Guys started small and stayed small for many years. They never wanted to franchise and be huge. Their ultimate goal was to make a great burger using great quality fresh ingredients. Five Guys does not do what other restaurants do. They do not advertise or market themselves, nor do they change anything just become complaisant practices say they should. They have a very small list of items on their menu consisting of burgers, fries, and hotdogs. Many have said that not adding milkshakes or salads would run business away and make people not come.However, having simple items that you can make your own with diff erent condiments makes people go to Five Guys rather than the other burger places (York, 2009). organism an individual that has been to different locations of Five Guys restaurants, it is easy to see that following ethical or social practices does work for how Five Guys runs its business. It is clear the minute that a person walks into a Five Guys establishment that you are welcome and greeted. Then choosing from the simple menu board above the cashier is easy and efficient.Being able to watch a freshly made burger and fries come to life behind the counter makes the experience refreshing. It is great to see and know that food is made to order on the nose how it was ordered. Looking around the establishment, noticing the real potato bags and peanut boxes and oil lets that person know that simple real foods go into making your lunch or dinner. When the food in ready there is no tray like many other restaurants, it comes in a brown bag that a person can take to go or sit down at a tab le and enjoy.Knowing the quality and freshness that goes into each order lets the customer know just how important it is to be served at Five Guys. There doesnt need to be a lot of marketing or different practices to make Five Guys affiliation out. Their food should do it, and as a customer it does. Five Guys has been around for many years, it is just in the past few years that once Jerry Murrell and his cardinal sons began to franchise did the world take notice of a unique way to run a simple burger and fries restaurant.Being able to set themselves apart from fast food restaurants and keeping their core values has made Five Guys popular. With the different factors contributed to the success of Five Guys and ignoring ethical and social practices, Five Guys were able to stay themselves and take a leak a great burger that across the country can enjoy. As Jerry says You are dependent on us, we are dependent on you. You are not an foreigner in our business-you are part of it (Smith, 2011). Five Guys knows that success is in a great product and people to buy that product.Keeping the company simple has worked for Jerry and his five guys. Resources Burke, M. (2012). Five Guys Burgers Americas Fastest Growing Restaurant Chain. Forbes. Retrieved on October 12, 2012. Joiner, L. (2012). Five Guys found a simple recipe for success Do it right. USAToday. Retrieved on October 12, 2012. Rosenwald, M. (2006). Five Guys, Taking a Bigger Bite. The Washington Post. Retrieved on October, 19, 2012. Smith, R. (2011). The Runaway Hit. QSR Magazine. Retrieved on October 12, 2012. York, E. (2009). Five Guys an Americas Hottest Brands Case Study. AdvertisingAge. Retrieved on October 12, 2012.

Unme Jeans

Which, if any, of the three loving media stick outs should Foley pursue? Why? oI would suggest that Foley pursue advertising on all three social media outlets proposed. They ar all good places to reach their target demographic and the cost isnt that high to leverage those outlets. Their buyers be social media users and they should try to reach them there. I would suggest running all three for a year and see which are return best and then she could re-evaluate from there. What benefits would Foley recognize from each of the three social media plans? What risks does each entail? How can Foley better reap the benefits and mitigate the risks of each of the programs? oThe benefit of being in the social media plan is that UnME would have a presence where their target market goes to socialize and communicate with each other. It would give them the opportunity to interact with their customers in their world and raise the aim of involvement with their customers and potential customers.T he risk is that they will not be able to engage their customers in a personal and meaningful manner, which seems to be critical for self-made online marketing. I would advise her to seek out several marketing plans for online engagement and really look for a firm with a proven track evidence with online and will focus on to a greater extent than just the interface. How should Foley integrate social media into her tralatitious media plans? Should Foley take money out of traditional media (television, magazine, radio, Internet banner and calculate ads) to fund her social media programs?Why or why not? oI would recommend that Foley work with a firm to run a campaign that leverages the advantages of different traditional media in conjunction with online social media. There is still a solid (if shrinking) market in print and television so I would choose to be strategic with those dollars. But I would definitely run a marketing campaign that went hand in hand with the online media. Ho w should Foley measure the results of her social media plans? Which media metrics are best and least suited for a Web 2. world? oIt is definitely harder to quantify the return from online marketing against. They should work with a qualified web near to establish good metrics for measuring the campaign. Is UnME Jeans the right or wrong type of sucker and/or product for Web 2. 0? Why? What advantages does the brand have in this new cultural world? What disadvantages does it have? oI think that UnME is the right type of brand and product for Web 2. 0. Their audience is younger, tech savvy, they are active online and UnMe has a unique product.They are about the experience of denim, not just the product and that is a good fit for social media. How well do the social media plans address the emerging challenges of the rapidly changing media environment outlined in the case? What can you change in the social media plans to make them more effective for UnMEs target consumers? oI am not con vinced that the proposed plans are the best use of social media. I like the widgets and the idea of voting for the abutting design, but they really need to concentrate on user experience. That is always key for online success.

It’s tough being a teenager

The life of a teenager in modern Britain is not easy. There are galore(postnominal) different problems young people are forced to deal with in this day and age. The problems of a teenager range from pressures of school exams and completion of tedious work, up to the rapidly increasingly problem of medicate abuse. The pressures of exams and schoolwork are a noticeably smaller problem for teenagers in comparison to drug abuse or arrangeting violent street crime.Never the less it is still a problem that makes numerous peoples lives an unpleasant and traumatic time. The pressure that teenagers are under is due to the advent of school attendance the final G. C. S. E examination which can be either a declaration of a pupils intelligence and will lead to university placements and an exiting career, or a crippling blow that ends a persons dream of a certain job prospect or placement in further education. Either course the pressure is the same.The most drastic source of teenage problem s originates from drug abuse. Due to the common use of drugs and the availability of a vast array of mind fastener substances an increasingly social problem is arising. The problems ca employ from the use of drugs include street crime which is becoming ever more violent in a desperate adjudicate to evade capture due to the high tech protection systems of homes and shops. Another common outlet which addicts feed their habit with is car theft.The most commonly used people to carry out jobs such as violent killings and car crime a part of a gang which is dependent on drug use. The problems of teenagers are widely publicised in the media and often over exaggerate things and often overlooked as well as things macrocosm overlooked. The media has a historically important role in a teenagers life, it tells people what is acceptable with regards to fashion and Forces boundaries to be forged within society such as people who glide and listen to heavy metal and the people that listen to trance music and take drugs.The teenage years are also a time where many people feel they must rebel against society through dressing a certain way and acting against a typical stereotype which is in its self a contradictory term when a lot of people rebel and seek individuality by doing the same thing as the preliminary generations and no doubt the future generations will too feel a need to rebel against their stereotypical role in society. The teenage years are not all bad though the only reason teenagers have a negative reputation for drugs and alcohol abuse and the like is because the people who commit crime are the only ones paid attention to by the media.A Persons teen years are about discovery and freedom with the only real responsibility being school work and the need to find out what they want to do with their lives. Whatever the attitude of teen age years honorable or bad they are only lived through once and when they have gone they will only ever be looked back on with envois memories. A time where people can enjoy there lives before being thrust into the very difficult and serious world of war and politics and being dependant on working for a living and becoming an adult.

Motivation: The key to success Essay

Motivation is the desire to do roughlything and achieve the umpteen terminals in life, no matter how many obstacles you have to go through. To many people, it is the essential element that pushes them towards what they want to be. From setting goals, to springing hard to achieve them, and finally accomplishing them. There is several motivation theories same(p) Incentive theory of motivation, which suggests that people argon motivated to do things because of external rewards. For example, people go to thrash everyday for the reassurance that they will get paid at the end of the month. An some other type of theory is the Drive theory. It is when people are motivated to take actions to reduce the tension that is produced from un meaning(a) needs. Thirst, hunger and warmth are some examples of drives. Arousal theory is yet another theory. It when you take actions that control your level of arousal. When your arousal level gets high you might want to relax by meditating or reading a book. And when your arousal level gets low, youd want to go for a jog or watch an exciting movie. Last but not least, the Humanistic theory is commonly a motivation behavior in which all businessmen have. It is the strong reasons that lead people to perform dissimilar actions like creating a business.It is famously showed by Abraham Maslows power structure of needs, which presents divergent motivations at different levels. And it is the desire to fulfill stars individual potential. These are the different psychological behaviors people act on when they are motivated. But is motivation important in everybodys life? Yes it is. Mostly businesses. Motivation is the chief(prenominal) factor to which why businesses around the world are successful. No man started a business without getting motivated to take action and achieve his goal of starting a successful business. It keeps you moving towards your goals. Motivation in a business insures that the employees work hard and it impro ves their level of efficiency. It leads to productivity and stability of work force. The benefits of having a well motivated indicates lower cater turnover, lower absenteeism, higher productions, pleasant working atmosphere, more co-operation and happiness in the working environment leads to innovation. If you lot come to in your business, you loose your motivation and that can immensely affect your business negatively.Motivation is the main reason to success Maslowshierarchy of needs is virtuoso of the nearly famous theories of motivation. Abraham Maslow believed that the reason people go to work changes. So he created a hierarchy of needs, which he thinks people will go to work for. At the bottom of the hierarchy he put the essentials in ones life, physiological needs such as air, food, shelter and clothing. Safety and aegis come on top of the basic needs. Every employee should be provided with protection from any danger in his or her working environment. Social needs are in t he middle of the hierarchy. Trust and care are to be present in ones working environment to increase productivity in the business and ensure employees are happy. Employees also need esteems needs, they need to be recognized and respected for the work they have done and praised for their achievements. Finally, at the top of the hierarchy is self-actualization means that people need to feel some fulfillment in what they do. Many businesses follow this theory and are well motivated and are one of the most successful businesses.Lets take Kelloggs for example. They provide their staff with every need in Maslows hierarchy of needs and that is why their staff is well motivated and they have less absenteeism. In the other hand, Herzbergs two-factor theory helps gives employees job satisfaction like achieving aims, chance of promotion, responsibility, interesting work, recognition and personal development. He called that factor motivators. But it doesnt mean that motivators satisfies all the workers needs. He called the other factor hygiene factors that satisfies all a workers other needs like pay, working conditions, job security, quality of supervision, staff relationships and company policy. This theory tells us that dividing all an employees needs in 2 different factors that cannot work alone only together is the most effective way of making a business successful and well motivated. For example, the business would make the work interesting so the employees would feel well motivated.But, employees would also loose their motivation if hygiene factors such as pay and job security werent offered in a business which would result in failure in the business. These 2 theories that I have mentioned are different, but very similar in some ways. One thing they do have in common is that they are the factors to a well motivated and successful businesses. They both relate on the crease that we behave as we do because we attempting to fulfill a certain needs. They both specify t he subject as to what motivates people. However, it all depends on yourvalues and norms. For example, the Nipponese say that safety and physiological needs are most important to them while employees in Norway say that social needs are the most important to them in their working environment.Herzbergs hygiene factor relates to Maslows basic needs, safety and social needs. Also, Herzbergs motivators idea corresponds with Maslows esteem and self-actualization. These theories are the most useful theories in making a business successful. Kelloggs a very famous business that has well-motivated staff. For example, they offer competitive salaries. It gives people the means to conduct the basic needs for living. Kelloggs also offers flexible benefits program that allows employees to choose benefits that suit them. The staff has a sense of belonging in their working environment. other well-known business is data connection. Employees say that the managers care about them as individuals. the y feel a sense of belonging. The business also provided free healthcare for employees and provides a pay that satisfies their safety and security. These are some of the successful businesses. Motivations are truly the key to success.

Citizen United vs. Federal Election Essay

Analyze the program lines presented in the Citizens United vs. Federal Election Commission case to determine which arguments you find oneself the most persuasive. Explain both your rationale and the probable impact of the outcome of this case on corporal governance moving forward.Prof Armstrong I must agree with the argument of Justice Stevens.In the context of preference to public office, the distinction between corporate and merciful speakers is significant. Although they make enormous contributions to our society, corporations are not rattling members of it. They cannot vote or run for office. His argument was based on the distinction between corporate and human speakers. I feel that because corporations contribute a vast amount of money to political candidates for election they entrust they have the right to dictate our countries policies. The breakdown of this argument basically shows the more Money you have (Corporations) the great your Power (voice) in the political a rena. (Halbert, T., & Ingulli, E., 2012 p. 34). The breakdown of this argument basically shows the more Money you have the greater your Power (voice) in the political arena.From the e-Activity, discuss ways in which the company you researched could leverage corporate hearty responsibility as a competitive strategy. Provide specific examples to support your response. I believe this argument fits in well with my discussion on the attempted merger between AT&T and T-Mobile. fit to the wall street journal AT&T is one of the top 10 companies to give political contributions in the current election cycle (2012). The donations include monies give to political parties, candidates, and political action committees. AT&T attempted to gain a monopoly in the telecommunications arena by merging with their small competitors. The more money you have the deeper you power and influence over politics.Sourceshttp//www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/02/corporate-political-donations_n_1644375.html Halbert T ., & Ingulli, E. (2012). Law and Ethics in the Business Environment. (7th ed.) Mason, OH South-Western Cengage Learning.

Food and Culture Essay

That is, both mother and tiddler are being watched, judged, and constructed by society since fashioning a good obento may please her child and in like manner affirm that she is a good mother, and child consuming their entire meal in a appropriate manner is considered well-taught. This social phenomenon represents that culture is constructed with business office which exerts a force which operates in ways that are subtle, disguised, and accepted as everyday social practice. other essay Carole Counihans Mexicanas Food Voice and Differential Consciousness in the San Luis Valley of Colorado uses the contingency of Ryubal to suggest how women can display derivative instrument consciousness through their practices and beliefs surrounding food. In society where traditional division of labor in cooking is still prevalent, a Mexican women Helen Ryubal challenged the traditional views of women and cooking by rejecting cooking, making husbands respect women who cooked, and involving husba nd in cooking.Her strategy not only minimized the subordinating dimensions of procreative labor but likewise valued and benefited from the help of her mother, sister, and husband. Her attempt has been based on her ideologies which was developed from differential consciousness which is a key strategy utilise by dominated peoples to survive demeaning and disempowering structures and ideologies (175). both(prenominal) essays are focusing on the relationship between food and gender through each case.Allison considered obentos as a container of cultural meanings, and social expectations from women and their performance and effort in obentos. Counihans ethnographic research of Ryubal also provided evolved relationship between women and food which could be possible due to her differential consciousness. Two authors both used a certain level of methodology to associate with their claim such as Ideological allege Apparatus and differential consciousness.This utilization strongly supports their claim and strengthens the relationship between gender and food in culture. Moreover, both authors imply the relationship food is not a mere subject but kinda deeply involved with society and its ideology. As the readings focus on the relationship between gender and food, it is intelligible that this relationship is deeply rooted in cultural representation. To be more specific, culture constructs what is considered as normal, custom, reasonable, pleasant under ideology.The hegemonic view from this culture forms womens custodial relationship with food. As an asian woman, I also have countless experience relating to food. Similar to most of asian culture, the societys expectation from woman is still traditional- cooking is womens role and they are suppose to serve their men and rest of the family. manage Ryubals challenge, the counter-hegemonic view toward womans relationship to food and reasonable, modern alternatives are necessary.

Cotton, Slavery and the Old South Essay

The cotton fiber fiber EconomyTERMSDEFINITIONSSIGNIFICANCEKing CottonPhrase used by politicians and whites to describe the sizeableness of the cotton in the south Boom of cotton production began in 1820sThe dominance and importance of the cotton in the south transformed it economy, the production continued westward (south) the demand expanded in the unification as their cultures developed in different directionDeep federationThe greymost region of the US where cotton production dominated Mid early 1800s, increasing through 1850sThe prospects of the deep south and the pull ahead of cotton drew thousands of white settlers to the south to build architectural plantations and move into the planter class, which increased the regions tribe and expanded US territory in the westDe Bows ReviewA magazine that advocated gray commercial an agricultural expansion Founded in 1846 lasting until 1880 The publisher, De Bow, made the magazine an advocated for southern economic independence f rom the matrimony, despite it was also evidence of the Souths settle manpowert on the NorthColonial DependencyThe globe that the rise of cotton in the South increased their dependency upon Federal industry and commerce, caused by the regions profitability of cotton, the investments in slaves and land left little other investments,climate, and southern mood of life Strengthened with the growing cotton production in the 1800s The cultures of the North and south diverged, but the dependency upon unmatched a nonher did not. Proving to conflict when sectionalism tried to push themWhite Society in the SouthTERMSDEFINITIONSSIGNIFICANCECavalier MythThe belief that white southerners were free form the acquisitive instincts of the Yankees, to a greater extent concerned with the refined and gracious behavior of life and with rapid growth and development (mid 1800s) The myth conformed to the reality of southern smart set, in a limited way, dividing them from the northPlanter AristocracyT he wealthy, white, plantation owners who cultivated 800+ realm with 40-50 slaves and exercised their power beyond their numbers in relation to societySoutherner HonorThe idea that individuals had to defend their honor, adopting a specific code of chivalry to protect dignity, social station and manhood, a challenge to that would come to a duelThe Genteel Southern LadyHidden behind their dominating husband in southern honor, the southern ladys life was centered at the home, serving as a stewardess and nurturer, rarely engaging in public activities or find employmentPlain Folk typical southerner who was a yeoman farmer who owned almost no slabs and devoted themselves to subsistence farmingPoor Whites-hill citizenry (Piedmont)Patriarchal/paternal societyA society through which men rule the family and ancestry is pinchd through males, and in the south small farmers, even more than planters we committed to this family structure Southern society see men as the masters of homes and wo man and children were expire force under his controlSlavery the unexpended InstitutionTERMSDEFINITIONSIGNIFICANCESlave Codes-significance-the sub judice basis of slaveryThe laws that established that slaves could not own property, leave plantation without permission, be out after dark, congregate with other slaves (except church), possess firearms, or strike a white person, etc. (existed when slavery began in the US developed more as the southern) The slave codes were the legal basis of slavery & they defend race to be anyone with even a trace of African Ancestry to be black, but the codes oft different from the reality on plantation rest home v. Field SlavesHouse slaves lived close to the master and his family, serving them at the house and developing almost familial relationships, while field slaves had a more physically exhausting job doing work in palm These two types of slaves helped develop the ways of the southern society, which was drastically altered after the emancip ation after the well-behaved war Why high slave mortality rate?The slower increase of the black population was a result of it comparatively high death rate slave mothers had large families, but the apply poverty in which virtually all African Americans lived ensured that fewer of their children of white parentsurban Slavery-slavery in the citiesUrban slaves had a smaller market of work which consisted of mining/lumbering, dock work, driving wagons and such and unlike rural, could not be supervised as closely and profitably, thus they gained moreopportunities to mingles with free blacks and whitesFree African AmericansAfrican Americans who were free from slavery, they were usually blacks or former slaves who bought freedom, were set free from master for moral reasons or at their death (rare) common of the north, urban regionsDomestic v. foreign slave tradeDomestic the transfer of slaves from one part of the southern to another, often through traders who transported slaves over a immense distances to markets where owners bid on them exotic federal law prohibited the importation of slaves since 1808, but some were smuggled in Importation of slaves legally stopped in 1898 but the domestic and foreign continued throughout the 1800s SAMBO StereotypeA behavioral charade in which they shuffled grinned and head scratched, acting out the role he/she perceived that white society expected of them this shaped their views toward slavery while truly the slavers were just putting on a examineGabriel ProsserA slave who gathered 1000 other rebellious slaves outside Richmond to revolt, only the plan was given away and Prosser and 35 others were prosecuted-One of a few rare slaves revolts which was the second way slaves expressed their chemical reaction to slaveryDenmark VeseyFree black of Charleston who, with his followers (all 9,000) made preparations for a revolt, but word leaked and they were conquer (1822)-this was another failed attempt at a revolt against slavery Nat Turners RevoltA slave sermonizer who lead a group of African Americans, armed with guns and axes, through Southampton Country, Virginia killing sixty white men and children, door to door before their war overpowered by troops(1831)-Turners revolt was the only big slave uprising in the 19c, but the southerners fear of renewed violence continued as long as slavery lasted Slow Motion Work-as a form of resistanceOften took less drastic forms than revolt, like running away (underground railroads) defying masters, stealing from masters or neighbors, loosing or breaking tools, preforming improperly and refusing to work all to protest or resist slavery Typically blacks resisted by adding subtle methods of rebellion into their behavior, which easy became out of hand as the North began to support their actions and the south felt differently, sectional divide PidginIt maintained some African words but it drew primarily, if selectively from English. & while slave language grew more soph isticated as blacks spent in America-and as new generations grew up never having known African Tongues-some features of this early pidgin survived in black speeches for many generationsSlave Polytheistic ReligionsBlacks developed their own version of Christianity, at time incorporating voodoo or other polytheistic religious traditions of Africa. African-American religion was more mad and joyful.Slave Nuclear FamilyCrucial institution of black culture. It suffered legal restrictions, most notably lack of legal marriage. Black women began bearing children at younger ages. Slave communities did not condemn premarital pregnancy the way white society did, and black couples often lived together before marrying. Husbands and wives living on separate plantations often had to visit at night in secret. If a slave was moved to a different plantation, often they were adopted into a family in their new community.

Change for the Better

Never would he have thought that we would have stop up loving t there, falling in love, and learning nearly the gloss as more than as he did. Although a persons perception can be a good a thing, it too can crap in the way of having a great friendship, learning something new, and Just being happy. Todays technology is very friendly in meeting new citizenry on different sites like Backbone, Twitter, and Chattahoochee. more or less hatfuls perception of meeting new people with technology that atomic number 18 around the world will get rid of their local cultures, traditions, and control over their cultures communication (Borderer, Borderer & Swollen, 2010, peg. 12). What people dont get Is technology Is one of the shipway we learn the most about a culture. A way to get more respect for your culture Is to share It to people and not to be afraid to show It. When making friends you dont want to be the supernatural one, but for me seeing someone that Is so noble-minded of thei r cultures Just makes me want to learn more about them. Plus you might be surprised that our cultures have some similarities and are part of the dominant culture. Having something in common is always a good base to a wonderful Friendship. Cultures in the world are what makes the world so interesting.So many different things we can learn and discover where things came from. Now some people are to proud of there country to even take the time to learn about some other country because they thing its wrong and their cultures is the right way of doing things. All the different cultures have probably something in common with one an other, and you will probably find out that a lot of them Just a have some tweaks to make them different. Learning about a culture that you are going to go visit Is respectful to the people of that country whether they are Into the big tradition or not.In the end everyone is proud of their countrys accomplishments and what they contributed to make the world it i s today. Outsourced is a great way on showing how your perception affect your pose and happiness. While Toad just wanting a burger, he went to a Mac Donas to realize they dont cope burgers. He meets a character, named curtsy, who was in the same predicament that Toad was in but for much longer. Bob told Toad that it doesnt get better until you accept Indians culture. Once Toad finally accepted the culture he wanted to learn more about it and found a way to communicate better with the people of India.Toad was a more happy person, and even found love during his months In India. When you totally accept something, whether its a different culture or It Is Just the way you look, you become a better and happy person. science Is a strong and powerful thing you use to view aliveness situations. It Is always going to be with you whether you want it or not, and is something that we control our actions, and make up our mind about something we heaven full wise to(p) about. Perceptions can change your life for the better or for the worst. It comes down to how you take your perceptions and whether you let them change your life for the better.

Female and Gender Leadership Essay

1. abridg custodytThe theme/topic of dissertation is Fe masculine and sexual practice draws. The primary(prenominal) puddle it a path or mater of thesis do is to falsify enquiry of anthropoid and young-bearing(prenominal) star topology and worry panache. Investigate in ordination to be advance considerably-nighwhat manly and womanish leadhiphiphip starting from definition of it, and stick with info collection in give to prove it.It is unmistakable that lead is a male dominated angiotensin converting enzyme, and womanly give birth well-nigh advantages and disadvantages, to a fault prejudice and differ flair of attractionship. It is really rice beering to know and go bad drawing cardship and precaution, which foundation bring rough ideas and data transformation of some data to the thesis. One of the hook on up things is to collect, analyze answers and identify leaders of male and female. Mostly, I am taking into account lead way of life and vigilance of both genders. in that respectfore, female and male in leaders is one of the actual and continues occupy, which take interest of many peck. To sword enquiry ab stunned men and women in leading, how they exercise airs of leaders, what they do in lodge to be effective and how they constitute with their pursual of different gender.What the briny features of leaders they hold, how they make correctments and what they do for head exceed increase. Today, both women and men argon nerve-wracking to be equivalent in many ways of perfunctory life however, in survey they be play alonging style of lead correspond to the phone line communication channel. Anyway, what the main distinguishes among female and male, what kind of attempt they be qualification? How they cope with different t fills in various(a) spheres, remaining to the testify basic of behavior, skills and attitude.3 police captain thesis, egg-producing(prenominal) and sexual activ ity leadinghipAinura Kadyrkulova2. Introduction My master thesis fair(prenominal) and sexual practice leaders I am starting from introduction to the physical composition prune, than writing about supposititious framework and investigate methodology, after that continue with search and investigation, which takes question question and answers on it through with(predicate) with(predicate) theory about leaders, lead and anxiety, leaders style of male and female, than about research study and finding. It is the main of research writing in the thesis. Who atomic number 18 leaders, what it is leadership and direction, and style of female and male in leadership.It is known that females want to r from each one top instruction and bewilder some barriers and traits toward it. At the aforementioned(prenominal) time, in that location is common knowledge that men have leaders positions in politics and education sphere. nonwithstanding, my research is for the most acti vate about what the main differences in a leadership and management of female and male.Though, as female one, it is very interesting for me to make research about gender leadership, it substance about men and women, what the differences or connaturalities, how they as leaders deal with leadership, how they intermit themselves in order to have pursual whom lead impartingly. How men and women atomic number 18 getting characteristics to be competent, progressive, well- certain, utilizationful and professional in a dynamic environment or alone saying in a daily stird world. What male and female do and what kind of features they be obtaining existence qualified as leaders.4 master Thesis, young-bearing(prenominal) and grammatical gender leadAinura Kadyrkulova3. Theoretical frameworkThe theoretical framework is a collection of relate patterns, desire a theory. Theoretical framework guides research, determining what things allow for be measured and statistical congressship s of it. Theoretical frameworks ar obviously critical, theory-testing sorts of studies. In those kinds of studies, the theoretical framework moldiness be very specialized and well-thought out.Theoretical frameworks atomic number 18 too meaning(a) in research studies, where I as researcher really fagt know practically about what is going on, and essaying to learn much. There be some reasons wherefore theoretical frameworks atomic number 18 Copernican. First of all, no yield how little soul think what she/he know about topic, and how she/he neutral or self-employed person in the way of thinking, it is impossible for a human macrocosm not to have preconceived notions.For example, some community fundamentally believe that wad are basically untrus twainrthy, and you have keep your wits about you to avoid being conned. These fundamental beliefs about human genius affect how person on things when doing in the flesh(predicate) research. In this sense, researcher is alw ays being guided by a theoretical framework, however she/he don not know it. The framework tends to guide what investigator notice in research, and what she/he don not denotation. consequently, saying by different words, you dont even notice things that dontfit your framework. We fucking never completely get around this matter, but we keep reduce this set off conveyably by simply reservation our implicit framework explicit. Once it is explicit, we so-and-so delibe assessly consider other frameworks, and isthmustle to befool the research question, answers, findings, feature through different lenses. In my thesis I am using theory about leaders, management, leadership styles of males and females.5Master Thesis, Female and grammatical gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulova4. Methods for data collection 4.1. Research methodology and methods The service of collecting data that shadower present applicable aspects of methods, which is used in this thesis is articles, journals, discs, and internet. During reading and analyzing some information from above mentioned sources the related data pre exercise be picked up and ga in that respectd in order to show the appropriate research data. Methodology is a very important while conducting any type of research it helps to follow how the study/investigation can be accomplished.Qualitative method is one of the opera hat admissiones to use for study and research question. This type of research helps me as investigator to understand and explain the meaning of leadership for men and women. The qualitative research has the incident to form a whole from different parts.I am using qualitative method in order to make research by choosing, gathering relevant information, using an articles/journals, books, and information from web.sites. Qualitative method is appropriate to make analyzes of research data, give answers on research question and will bring out to the openings or findings. To open something brisk is ext end to to make findings and understand the meaning of research.Taking into consideration this, I would enounce that research is significant because of real and actual splendor of leadership. The theme of female and gender leadership is continues. Many interesting things and findings could be done since men andwomen interested in developing leaders and followers of both gender.6Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulova5. Research question and Investigation As for research question of my thesis, it is the interest What are the differences of male and female leadership and management style?It is slackly known that leadership is a male dominated one, however women are trying to enter leadership places and adopting mens style. Both, male and female are having different style of leadership. Therefore, what are the main reasons that male are safe tutelage leader positions and female are having some barriers to the leadership and management positions.Though, my rese arch is ground on theory about leaders, leadership and management, male and female leadership style. Thats why I am using qualitative method in my research, and I am making investigation of research issue by using relevant information from articles, journals, books, and information from internet, web sites.To analyze a research data, found out answers and open bracing findings for my self as researcher is the core of the thesis. It is common knowledge, that female want to reach top management and they have some barriers and traits toward amply positions and promotions to the top. Also, it is obvious that men have leaders positions in many spheres. However, my research is loosely about differences in a leadership and management of females and males.7Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulova5.1. Natural infixed(p)(p) leadersIf your actions incite others to woolgather to a greater extent, learn to a greater extent than, do more(prenominal) than and becom e more, you are a leader. John Quincy Adams, http//www. wisdomquotes.com/cat_ leadership.html In my thesis I am wiring about leaders, about leadership and management, how I understand it and I continue by males and females leadership and management style, than mostly centreing on differences between male and female in leadership. I found out that book of Blank warren about leadership and congenital natural leaders approach is very interesting and actual.It opens patch of lieu that battalion not only born as leaders, but in any case can obtain tools and to be skillful leaders. Therefore, the great unwashed with seeed skills of leaders are acquirey and this necessity is important always. That continual, progressive and sudden change in todays competitive environment requires better leadership. Author, Blank Warren, (2001) gives the next definition of natural born leaders The dictionary defines the word natural as found in nature without semisynthetic changes real, not arti ficial or manufactured innate, not acquired.I agree with this definition and point of clear, that people are natural born leaders. It means that leaders may get leadership skills and knowledge during their study in school, college, university, trainings, work, seminars, and so forth. Though, society grew up leaders by influencing via education, view of world, various trainings and workshops, seminars.In addition, origin tell that people not naturally born to lead. It proves his statement that people are natural born leaders, but they are getting skills and knowledge about leadership. With time people obtain skills to lead others. Therefore, leader is a person who gains followers at will. Leader provides followers by conveyion and support, also influencing them by using own skills. Because of that, author proposes that some people are natural born leaders, they demonstrate8Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovaspecific skills in spontaneous, consistent da sh and others follow willingly. confidential information is a process of interaction between the leader and follower. If no followers and no one follow, in that location is no a leader and leadership.The right definition, which Blank Warren, (2001) conclude, is that The natural born leader label is an ascription made to those who master the skill set related to gaining willing followers. No one is born with these skills. So, it means that leaders master their skills and only exceptional one can be described as natural born leader. Indisputably, some people are born with features of leaders, which help them to master skills of leadership more effectively.such(prenominal) people have an inherent competency and perform and express themselves naturally in their area or sphere. However, that kind of slip-by-cases inescapably to have opportunity, support, encouragement, and training from people surrounded them.Therefore, everyone has a natural born capabilities and talents to lead, because it is habitual for people to respond to nurture. It means that people have innate qualification to learn and grow. It proves that all people can improve their native, creative, intelligent capability by eruditeness and excising the skills of best leaders.The leader skill direct grows, develops, prospers, and they can gain more followers in spontaneous, effortless, consistent, and frequent way. This style and way of natural born leaders attract more and more people as followers. If person can understand own capabilities and shape abilities by excising skills of learning, practice and feedback. In order to be effective leader, individual can improve himself and work with native and acquired skills.In this book, Blank Warren proposed one hundred and eight skills which portrait a natural born leader. The main of them are self-awareness, a capacity to design rapport, and an ability to clarify expectations. somebody as a leader provide direction to people who do not know wh at to do. community make 9Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovadirection when the musical arrangemental structure can not or does not provide it. No organization can create a sinless bureaucracy. Established organizational systems may not ply useful guidance in the face of melodramatic change, Blank Warren, (2001).When a leader masters his/her skills and become an expert leader, so he/she can direct and lead willingly not only other person, but also large congregations. Leaders who have a broad and global view can bring others out as leaders. Leaders have to maintain their obtained skills and improve new in order to be wide awake during the difficult times. The following characteristics of person as apathy, arrogance, and self-deception destroy leadership potentiality. It was pointed out that more and better leaders are indispensable in organizations at all train.According to the self-awareness the leader have to use this skill that helps to be c lear up and manage his time, heed and actions. The fundamental of leadership increment is self-awareness that is internal one and each person can know and understand it fully by analyzing inner world. Leaders with self-awareness may listen and learn and to try new things. So, self-awareness is an important characteristic which give to leader possibility for proper use of time, focus of economic aid and performance of action. Self-awareness plays a big piece for leaders and helps for continues process of getting skills and work under self-perfection.The leaders case characterize by self-reliant, principled, genuine, courageous, resolute, moral, stable, and trustworthy features. In addition, passion is one of the main characteristic which motivates leaders to lead. These qualities put together the image of leaders. Leaders work under self-development, get feedback and connect up their remaining-brain government agency (logical, rational) and right-brain lateralisation (intuiti ve, creative). Master leaders maximize their brainpower with whole brain thinking.A capacity to build rapport is one of a big reason that some people gain as ascriptionof natural born leader, Blank 10Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura KadyrkulovaWarren, (2001). Respect creates the inter own(prenominal) bond and sense of unity that is basic in a leader wants to gain willing followers. The best leaders build respect to reacquire the allegiance necessary for victory, to create guest connections and partnership, and to fulfill the needs of the relation sphere. To get know people, display nice manners, and to be pleasant are technical and worked up skills of rapport. other one is an ability to clarify expectations, which is important thing for leaders.I would say that all people born as natural leaders however they can show, apply and use their skills, attitude in unanimity with activities, mooring, and work. They improve skills and work under leaders features. As fo r leaders as natural born, they could be male or female since leadership doesnt have gender. men and women also could obtain skills of leaders during their childhood, study in school and university, by getting experience and influencing by environment.The following factors influence on leadership skills such as characterization or behavior of men or women, education (school, university), job experience (work place or job occupation). Therefore, men and women can obtain leadership skills and use them accord to the situation, environment and work place. However, men dominate in politics, education sphere. As for women, they remain to fill their time out as teachers, salespeople, managers, etc. If we consider leaders and managers, it is obvious that most of men are taking leaders role and position, and women are managers.The very essence of leadership is that you have to have a vision. Theodore Hesburgh, http//www.wisdomquotes.com/cat_leadership.html allows look what is categories and types of leadership? What are the differences of mens and womens leadership style and management? Leadership is a skill that an individual may keep and11Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovaposses. One can categorize the exercise of leadership as either actual or potential Actual giving guidance or direction, for instance a teacher being a leader to a student. Potential the capacity or ability to lead as in the excogitation born to lead, it means that leader have potential to lead.Though, leadership can have a testicle aspect, for instance as in most political or profession leadership and an in orchis one as in most friendships. Speaking of leadership it is the abstract term, rather than of steer it is the action, ordinarily implies that the entities doing the prima(p) have some leadership skills.So, we know basic category of leadership is actual/potential than formal/informal and another categorization is that thither are 3 types of leadership 1) Authoritarian Leadership (Autocratic style), which provides clear expectations for what needs to be done 2) Participative Leadership (Democratic style) this style is generally the most effective. Democratic leaders offer guidance to the sort, but also participative in the group and allow input from other members. 3) Delegative (Laissez-Fair style) this type of leadership consider to be less productive among above mentioned.Most of men are holding domineering style of leadership, but it depends from sphere and location. As for women, some of them are combining autocratic and democratic style, some are keeping democratic one. The relation of leadership and management is continuous process. I would say that when people are mentioning leadership they fluent note management.It is connected to the psychology of leadership one of the differentiating factors between management and leadership is the ability or even necessity to inspire and inspiration. A leader may be deifined as on e who can hold direction to an individual or group of individuals and will be using skills of psychology toaffect that group either consciously or subconsciously. 12Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura KadyrkulovaThose who seem to be natural leaders and effectively inspire groups without consciously acknowledging the strategies or tactics used are considered charismatic leaders. On the other hand, the conscious leader applies a human body of psychological tactics that affect the reactions of a group to the environment they exist in.According to the organizational psychology disciplines, leadership is a product of awareness and command of the reactions and influences of a group on the individual, as well as the individual on the group. A leaders successful application of directive organizational psychology by modifying specific consistent behaviors towards the group may raise changes in the organizational culture.The level of passion and efficiency that is developed in the culture will be defined by the emotional become fulfilled by a directive leaders ability to create a greater purpose with the group.What makes effective leadership? Leadership keeps up its effectiveness by natural grade check to established rules. The simplest way to measure the effectiveness of leadership to involve evaluating process, later he/she can as leader master it. However, this approach may measure power rather than leadership. To measure leadership more specifically, one may assess the extent of influence on the followers, that is, the amount of leading.Effective leaders generate higher productivity and opportunities. Leaders create results, reach goals, and realize vision and objectives quickly and with high level of quality. The usable leadership model conceives leadership as a set of behaviors that helps a group perform a undertaking, reach their goal, or perform their function. In this model, effective leaders encourage functional behaviors and discourage dy sfunctional ones.Leader has the function of clearing the path toward the goals of the group, by meeting the needs of subordinates. The quality of the leadership process An effective leader has to get a group of potentially diverse and happypeople, many of whom have bullnecked personalities to work together toward a common output. 13Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura KadyrkulovaThe following suggested qualities of leadership technical and specific skills, charismatic inspiration it is attr mobileness to others and the ability to leverage this regard to motivate others, clear sense of purpose, mission, clear goals, focus, commitment, results-orientation it is directing every action towards a mission via priority of activities to spend time where results most arise, cooperation, optimism. Ability to encourage and nurture those that report to them assign in such a way as people will grow, role models, self-knowledge, self-awareness an ability to lead.Leaders have to u nderstand the environment, how they lead and how they affect and are affected by it. The leadership characteristics as innate labels some people as born leaders. Leadership development involves identifying and measuring leadership qualities, screening potential leaders, then training those with potential.Leadership skills mostly are a pattern of motives. The successful leaders will tend to have a high need for power, a low need for affiliation. Leadership behavior becomes a function not only of the characteristics of the leader, but of the characteristics of followers as well. These following determinants include the nature of the task organizational policies, climate, and culture the p conjureences of the leaders superiors the expectations of peers the reciprocal responses of followers. The nature of the problem, the requirements for accuracy, the acceptance of an initiative, time-constraints, cost constraints.The following cover leadership styles articulate vision to followers, le aders display a passion, they engage in swell/extraordinary behavior, leaders show a high degree of faith, confidence, and persistence in them selves. Leaders need to have a very high degree of self-confidence and moral conviction.They see their followers as competent, credible, and trustworthy. Leaders communicate expectations ofhigh performance from their followers and beardown(prenominal) confidence in their followers ability to meet such expectations and confidence in followers. Leaders motivate followers, leaders see as of supernumerary relevance to14Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovathe successful accomplishment of the vision and mission. To diverge followers to accept and implement change, outstanding leaders engage in frame alignment. This refers to the linkage of individual and leader interpretive orientations such that some set of followers interests, values, and beliefs, as well as the leaders activities, goals, and ideology, becomes congrue nt and complementary. Leaders oft, but not always, communicate their message in an inspirational manner using stories, slogans, and symbols.Even though these ten leadership behaviors and approaches do not really equate to specific styles, evidence has started to accumulate that a leaders style can make a difference. course becomes the key to the formulation and implementation of strategy and plays an important role in work-group members activity and in squad citizenship. Little doubt exists that the way or style in which leaders influence work-group members can make a difference in their own and their peoples performance.For instance, how leaders and managers are differentiating? Leaders innovate, ask what and why, focus on people, do the right things, develop, inspire trust, have a immenseer-term perspective, have an eye on the horizon, originate, and show originality. As for managers, they administer, ask how and when question, focus on systems, do things right, maintain, rely on control. As for management styles, if we look to various styles of management, it depend on the culture of the telephone circuit, the nature of the task, the nature of the work force and the character and skills of the leaders too.The style of leadership is dependent upon the prevailing circumstances, therefore leaders should exercise a consecrate of leadershipstyles and should deploy them as appropriate. For example, an autocratic manager makes all the decisions, keeping the information and decision making among management personnel. The objectives and tasks are set and the workforce is expected to do exactly as required. The communication tortuous with this method is mainly downward, from the leader to the subordinate. The main advantage of this style is that the15Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovadirection of the business will remain constant, and the decisions will all be similar, this in twist can project an image of a confident, well managed business. On the other hand, subordinates may become exceedingly dependent upon the leaders and supervision may be needed.Another form is also essentially dictatorial. However the decisions tend to be in the best interests of the employees rather than the business. The leader explains most decisions to the employees and ensures that their social and leisure needs are always met. This can help fit out the lack of worker motivation caused by an autocratic management style.This style can be highly advantageous, and can engender loyalty from the employees, leading to a lower labour turnover, thanks to the emphasis on social needs. It shares similar disadvantages to an authoritarian style employees becoming highly dependent on the leader, and if the wrong decisions are made, then employees may become discontentment with the leader.In a Democratic style, the manager allows the employees to take part in decision-making therefore everything is agreed by the majority. The communication is extensive in both directions from subordinates to leaders and from leaders to subordinates. This style can be in particular useful when complex decisions need to be made that require a range of specialist skills.From the general businesss point of view, job satisfaction and quality ofwork will improve. However, the decision-making process is sternly slowed down, and the need of a consensus may avoid taking the best decision for the business. It can go against a better choice of action. In a Laissez-faire leadership style, the leaders role is skirting(prenominal) and staff-manage their own areas of the business.Therefore, leader avoid uncoordinated delegation occurs. The communication in this style is horizontal, meaning that it is equal in both directions, however very little communication occurs in comparison with other styles. The style brings out the best in highly professional and creative 16Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovagroups of employees, h owever in many cases it is not deliberate and is simply a result of ugly management. This leads to a lack of staff focus and sense of direction, which in turn leads to much dissatisfaction, and a deplorable company image. The word leadership can refer to ability to get people to follow by their will.5.2. Leadership and management.True leaders have an uncanny way of enrolling people in their vision through their optimism sometimes unwarranted optimism, Bennis, W., and Nanus, B., 2004. To continue my thesis I am writing about leadership and management. In the book of Bennis, W., and Nanus, B. about the leadership and management I found out an interesting the authors attempt which distinguish the leadership from management. This book described mens leadership and management, also strategies of leadership.The main description here is that men use their power, status in leadership also they are result-oriented and communicative. Authors utter that leadership skills were once thought a matter of birth. Leaders were born, not made summoned to their calling through some unfathomable process. This might be called the Great Man theory of leadership. Here authors pointed out, that leaders are natural born and that environment, time, and situation dictate the style ofleadership. Here we can see that leaders mostly are male-politicians, they reviewed through leadership style and strategies of leadership.This research is ground in interviews of leaders, gives a clarification to see what the difference between the leadership and management. The leadership and management are different because of the characteristics of leaders, also how leaders work and what are their attitudes to their followers, and how they achieve their goals. According to the authors opinion, leader should not only direct and exercise power, but also facilitate for teamwork. In order to identify the distinction between the leaders and managers, the book investigated the characteristics of17Master The sis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovaleadership, the role of social computer computer architecture, the significance of the visions of leaders, importance of optimism and trusteeship of leaders.According to this research, there is a big difference between management and leadership and both are important without doubt. As we know one of the prevalent expression is that managers are people who do things right and leaders is people who do the right thing. In other words, to manage is to accomplish something, to have charge of/or function to conduct. The definition of management is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals.Management includes planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing contains the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act of management.As for leading, is to influence, guide in direction, course, action, opinion. The leadership is the process of influencing people while operating to meet organizational requirements and improving the organization through change. Leadership as change agents who guide their followers onto new heights, while along the way, they develop and grow their followers.Leaders two driving goals should be make the organization a success. Anyone can become a leader that has the willingness and drive to achieve that goal. Traits can be changed or reduced by focusing upon the more wanted traits. entirely the better leaders concentrate on and grow their desirable traits so that they over-power their weaker traits.18Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura KadyrkulovaFurthermore, a very important that there are four strategies of leadership start-off of all, attention through vision, meaning through comm unication, trust through positioning and the deployment of self through validating self regard. These four strategies makes clear how the leaders become leaders, what kind of tools and mechanisms are used in order to achieve success. Regarding the stolon strategy, authors manage about the unity between the leaders and followers.By their opinion attention of leaders to followers is considered as one of the major strategies. In addition, in this part of strategy authors mention about the vision and organization. According to their research, the organization has a clear sense of its purpose, direction, and desired future state and when this image is widely shared, individuals are able to find their own roles in the organization.In other words, for the success of their organization leaders should deliver their vision for their followers. In the first strategy, research also took into account the importance of past, present and future. For the successful leadership the leader should a nalyze the whole nature of organization, including its past business, present situation and future vision.The secondstrategy, so called meaning through communication also develops the importance of unity between leaders and followers. According to this research work, communication creates meaning for people. The only way any group, small or large, can become aligned behind the overarching goals of organization. In many big companies, leaders are upright busy with their business meetings and because of their busy schedule they sometimes even dont see often their workers. However, as it is argued, communication and interaction between the leaders and followers is very important.Regarding the second strategy it was also mentioned about the social architecture. By the authors opinion social architecture is very important for leaders. They believe that social architecture presents a shared interpretation of organizational events, so that members know how they are 19Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovaexpected to behave. Organizations social architecture serves as a control mechanism, proscribing particular kind of behavior. Social architecture is very important for leaders. It is argued that when organizations develop they might need to change or shape their market performance depending on the necessity. In this case it is very significant to take into consideration the social architecture as well. In general, the social architecture is a very important part in the companys development, because it is built for many years.In some companies employees are used to work with the same structure and methods for a long period of time. Therefore, it is obvious when company wants to change its market performance it will meet difficulties. In the case of product changes and transformation, companies need at first to make a relevant approach to their followers.As for the third strategy, it is also considered as one of the most important ingredients of all organizations. According to authors view, Bennis, W., and Nanus, B., (2004) they maintain that, trust is the emotional glue that binds followers and leaders together. It cannot be mandated or purchased, itmust be earned. How the trust can be earned? and how long it will take to earn it? In order to earn the trust in the organization there should be teamwork policy. Organization should work as one team, and it can strengthen unity.Regarding the trust authors also argue that in order to earn trust there should be a clear interpretation of leaders position and their vision of work for their followers. Like in the first and second strategies, the main point is that followers should have clear idea, what is the position and what are the main objectives of the organization. In addition, authors gave information about the image of organizational positioning.In order to make it clear, their research makes a distinction between the human organizations and other organisms. In addition, correspond to their analysis, there are four main strategies that leaders choose in order to position their organization reactive, change the internal environment, change 20Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovathe external environment, and establish a new linkage between the external and internal environments. All of these strategies are purposed for leaders to earn trust, because all of the strategies are aimed to make a clear vision of the leaders position to their followers. The last strategy is also very interesting, which is called deployment of self. This means that leaders are perpetual learners, some of the leaders learn from reading books while most of the leaders learn from other people.The research talks not only about how leaders learn, but also it makes a reference to organizational context. For example, it is stated that, organizational learning is the process by which an organization obtains and uses new knowledge, tools, behaviors, and value s. It happens at all levels in the organization among individuals and groups as well as system wide.The way that authors made clarification of differences between leadership and management is useful and interesting. I completely agree with them that in the current world it is very important for organizations to foresee and oversee the future perspectives. Because, the success of the organizationand leadership depends not only past and current situation analysis, but also it highly depends upon the future vision of the leaders.Within this connection, this book very informative in terms of leadership perspectives since authors made accent on men style, strategies which can be used by leaders for their followers. My cause of this definition and description is that men as leaders have to improve their skills and take into consideration that People dont want to be managed. They want to be led.The whole book is dedicated to men as leaders, and authors gave examples of politicians, it p roves that most of leaders are men. The same can be alter to organizations leadership. However, my writing is about men and women leadership and management differences. Thats why I will continue saying about female leadership and what the main differences from male one. 21Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulova5.3. manfuls and females style in leadership. finding roles for women isnt the problem. Finding one for men is. Margaret Mead, http//www.albatrus.org/men_natural_leaders.htm As we know, women enter leadership sphere, which mainly occupied by men. The leadership styles of women and men are differs. What are the differences or similarities, what women and men do and how they deal with this?Mostly there is basic information about leadership styles of women and men on the example of autocratic and democratic styles of both men and women. The behavior of women and men in leadership style related to leadership roles. It is different for men and women and the fact that women face more barriers to become leaders, especially for leader roles that are male-dominated. This issue is commonly discussed in terms of leadership styles, than behavior.Distinctions in styles can be important because they are one factor that may affect peoples views about whether women should become leaders. It is not surprising that women are the usual focus of discussions of the shock absorber ofgender on leadership.From one side, the differences in leadership style can provide a rationale for excluding women from opportunities and especially from maledominated leadership roles. From another side, the perception of sameness would fail to acknowledge the relational qualities which are traditional source of female pride and that may contribute to superior performance by women leaders. only when differences and similarity is not the main point.Therefore, leadership styles of women and men are different, probably because women more cooperative and col churnative, bu t less hierarchical, than men. However, men and women have different social roles, for instance in the family and employment place. The main differences of22Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovamen from women, that male are assertive, controlling, and confident tendency, for example they characterized as aggressive, wants, dominant, independent, self-confident and competitive. On the contrary, women are affectionate, kind, helpful, sympathetic, nurturant, socially sensitive and gentle, Alice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, (2003). Having different characteristics male and female try to adopt each others style of leadership in order to be competent in leader roles.Another point of view, that leadership doesnt know the gender. The definition of leader is a person named by the group as the leader, person who group members perceive to be the leader, person who has the greatest influence on the groups decision and who actually performs leadership behaviors. According t o the task behavior women emphasize production.They will continue their strong contributions to the task at hand when the group is doing well, where as men will reduce their contributions as the group does better. It was found out that female leaders spend more timecommunicating about the task on hand than men, as they make more off-task comments. There are suggestions to strengthen females and their work in group. They generate twice as many procedural suggestions in resolving conflicts as men do. It is usually because females worked substantially harder than any other member in the group.When we look to the social-emotional behaviors, we can tell that women are more wish wellly to meet the social-emotional needs of the group slightly more than men do. Women are rated as being more interpersonally warm during the first interactions then male leaders. Females using an authoritarian style of leadership were perceived less favorably than males using the same style. In decision making , women use a democratic or participative style than men. Men who worked23Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovaunder women supervision were more opened for the leadership of a woman. Women value listening as a skill that makes others feels both favourable and important.How women interact and what kind of way they are using First of all, women have an equalitarian (a person who believes in the comparison of all people) view among themselves. Secondly, women are described to be more cooperative and supportive, while their male counterparts tend to be more self-assertive and competitive.Thirdly, women desire leaders who are cooperative, empathetic, supportive, democratic, and calm. Fourthly, most women perceive leadership more as a facilitation and organization rather then power and dominance. If we summarize above written, females and males are equally effective leaders. In addition, female and male leaders are equally effective in conflict management styles. The only difference in female and male conflict management styles include age, education, and managerialexperience the leaders must share similarities to one another.Both, men and women who have female bosses are more collaborative, and less aggressive than men, Alice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, (2003). They seek consensus, emphasize team building, are more nurturing and empathetic, and are more approachable. However, males are still frequently rated more positively than females for the same behaviors. Men show more leadership, have higher-quality contributions, being more desirable for hiring, meriting a higher salary, and more responsible job.For the same behaviors females were rated as more emotional, less warm, less sensitive, and less attractive than males. Women have begun to increase their individual power, independence, assertiveness, and competitiveness. Male dominance is effectively reduced when people are reminded of their equalitarian attitudes.24Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura KadyrkulovaLeaders are expected to create conditions under which collective learning and continuous improvement can occur. Achieving these knowledge-based outcomes depends on emotional or relational intelligence. It includes the next skills self-awareness, listening, empathy, also learn from others and empower others. So, leadership based on individual achievement, focused on collective learning and vulgar influence, also noted by egalitarian relational skills and emotional intelligence.Male and female can display individualism, assertiveness and dominance are socially attributed to men and generally understood as masculine. The interpretation of this event is to predict that the foment to new leadership practices will create a female advantage. But this process toward new models of leadership is more complex, because the shift is related to a gendered power dynamic, not just to gender. It is more interesting because it is about genderlinked shift in the ve ry understanding of how to achieve business success.To investigate these involvements we need to understand the association of received characteristics with masculinity and feminity and what has to do with the rules for business success. The main reason for that the way to view the social world shared into two spheres of activity the public sphere, for instance work. And the private sphere family and community.This way of seeing the world is so natural. For instance, labor in the work sphere is assumed to be skilled, dependent on training and labor in the domestic sphere. This gender separation of two spheres of life is significant in leadership. The label feminine and masculine is attributed as certain characteristics and how to do good work in each sphere, Alice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, (2003).Women are active participants in the domestic area family and men are active in the work area. These images of gender linked attributes are idealized, but have a powerful effect expected to act in each on how men and women act. Also how they are expected to act in each sphere and what 25Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovatypes of behavior are considered appropriate and inappropriate. The view of separate spheres helps us see that new models of leadership break some basic principles and beliefs about gender, power, individual achievement, also work and family.5.5. Research study and findingYou gain strength, courage and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face. You must do the thing you think you cannot do. Eleanor Roosevelt, This citation from web site http//www.nwlink. com. I found out during my research study that there is a really nice concept about natural born leaders, it means born to lead. This finding opens view that both, female and male are natural born leaders and can lead followers willingly.This approach is a theory of males andfemales leadership. That means leaders are people who can ac t according to the situations, be flexible, adaptive to the environment, and in compliance with the style of leadership. During research it is important to characterize who are leaders, what are gender differences, and leadership styles. As for leaders definition, they are people with concept of natural born leaders born to lead. Leaders, both male and female, believe in their own actions and inspire followers for reaching goals.There is gender, which is a social construct, and there is what is referred to as a masculine or feminine leadership style. These leadership styles are based on how female and male are usually socialized, but a man or woman might use a masculine or feminine style. Thats why good leaders of both genders are able to use these styles according to the current or particular situation. All leaders have some preferred styles which their can use to approach things. Female and male leaders learn the skills by themselves and develop people around them with these stre ngths.The research study about females and males leadership shows that women, gender, and leadership mean very different things to different people. Therefore, some women still perceive26Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovamany barriers and challenges. Females usually have to work harder and perform better, but they are perceived as having more opportunities.Women in management are desirable because females bring a different style of leadership. For example, female bring a less aggressive and more intuitive style, also they tend to keep the authoritarian masculine style. These softer skills are more in read today rather than the aggressive, dominating style of men. At the same time females need to be more motivated and encouraged by them and family because they fight for promotion.Sincewomen combine job with family, so they pursue their selfish ambition to place their careers ahead of family responsibilities. What the ways of leading and how female lead? Wo men managers are succeeding in leadership by drawing on what is unique to their experience as women.According to practice, men and women in similar managerial jobs make the same amount of money and experience. But in leadership styles there are differences Male are much more resemblingly than women to view leadership as a serial of transactions with subordinates, and to use their position and control of resources to motivate their followers.Female, on the other hand, are far more likely than men to describe themselves as transforming subordinates self-interest into concern for the whole organization. Women are using personal traits like charisma, work record, and interpersonal skills to motivate others. Women leaders develop and practice interaction or interactional leadership.They are trying to make every interaction with coworkers, it is positive for all involved in participation, also they encourage, share power and information, make people feel important, and energizing them. In general, women have been expected to be supportive and cooperative. This is one of explanation why women leaders today tend to be more interactive than men. But interactive leadership should not be linked directly to being female, since some men use that style and some women prefer the democratic style. That is why female and male in27Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovathis are having similar features of leadership because organizations that are open to leadership styles with individuals strengths will increase their opportunities in a fast-changing environment.However, for women in leadership, it is very important to develop and keep interpersonal skills and professional competence, since it plays a big role in achieving results. There are some good suggestions how to make good andquick decisions for women in business insight. The principle consists of skills set where men are consistently rated by bosses as outperforming women. Figure out how to incre ase profitable growth, customer retention and customer acquisition.Communicate effectively to people at all levels in organization, including a boss, colleagues, and subordinates. It is better to state the goals or successes in terms of how what people are doing helps the organization reach their key goal. If women get to the point, try do not lose control, state things in absolutes and not questions, so they are training their skills and as female-leaders learning how to overcome successfully.In addition, there are many females who learn and improve their business skills by networking. There are many attainments that women gain, practice skills which are needy for success in the business world. Thats why women are coordinating their calendars and setting a schedule to network. The information gained by networking can keep women informed of the latest trends. Women have unique ideas and their implement them during discussions with colleagues.The business experience that women have i s tools for success in the business world. Some women network with their suppliers and distributors to find out what their thoughts are on getting a product to market. Women serve an active role at home and in the office, they are having skills to deal with conflicts that can occur. Women learn to balance job in business with a family life,28Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovathats why get out of obstacles and come up with a manageable solution. They learned these skills by networking with professionals.Therefore a growth of women in business increased. One of the reasons is that this rate of growth might be because the women set goals that they wanted toreach. And, these women have taken an intensive and assertive step for taking positions of leadership. Thats why many women have remarkable rate of success in business. One of the positive reasons is that their goals included training that would formulate them to operate a business successfully.Women are a pplying for business at the same rate as male leaders. Women learn to guide the growth of their companies by using various resources at their disposal. Equity from a business perspective is considered as a measurement for the success and growth of a company. Women are successful in business because they are open to learn and get new skills.Women grow businesses better because developed effort in dealing with problems, also they learn to negotiate a successful outcome to any problems. The growth of women in business is increasing some of them learned to manage money, budgets and operate with pay.Women are growing strong in the business world because they have a different management style, it is named as finance. The growing rate of successful women in business is due to their skills people that they do business with. They have confidence when work in the team and built a trust in everyone in the company. From the people that manage their finance to the people that deliver their goo ds, women know that their businesses will grow because it is personal to everyone at work.The analysis taken from my research study can be following. Females may try to be something other than what they are, adopting a masculine style, for example, and not being authentic can be a mistake for any leader. Thats why this way of leadership style can bring positive reflection and29Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulovaresults on own attitude, habits, goals, career opportunity. Leaders need to understand their strengths and their priorities, as well as the culture, policies, and systems around them. There are wonderful opportunities, butthis means women have enormous choices and a much broader range of prototypes to think about and analyze.Some of females are making progress in taking leadership roles in organizations. It is clear that women can go all the way to the top today. And it is clear that female leaders face some problems as others, including men. Female with a high potential are in incredible demand, so companies need to look at how to retain these women.However, for today, the drive to the equalitarian roles of male and female is not a fight against of men or women. Also, it is not a war against men and their rights, family life and mutual respect between the sexes. The equality model is that has as much relevance to a modern society. This equality is a delicate balance of power, respect and sharing of responsibilities between men and women. Thats why egalitarian style is making female and male an efficient and productive, flexible and effective.This is proof of the fact that the best leaders are married people they are the best in leadership. For instance, men are best when they lead and provide for their families, at the same time they improve themselves through skills of leaders and contribute their positive impact to society and vice versa. Both male and female get leadership skills during their study, education, job experien ce, trainings, seminars, they obtain good characteristics as qualifications, intelligence, hard work, and so forth.The best leaders, female and male, use rationally and successfully all obtained skills according to their surroundings, job occupation, environment, situation. Thats why all the time the best females and males leaders are trying to keep the following They do the things they think they can not do30Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura Kadyrkulova6. ConclusionIn this thesis I wrote about leaders, leadership style and management, differences of male and female in leadership. I found out that many people are natural born leaders. They gain skills of leaders and learn leadership, both male and female.As for women, they are combining autocratic and democratic style of leadership. However, men and women have different social roles, for instance in the family and employment place. As for men, they are holding autocratic style of leadership, but it depends from spher e and location. Therefore, womens and mens leadership style interrelated with their roles. For example, women are keeping house and working, at the same time men are taking part in housing, but mostly they are making career and busy with job. The priority men are giving to their job occupation.Anyway, men and women have different characteristics and try to adopt each others style of leadership in order to be competent as leaders. Also, if male and female leaders are keeping skills of natural born leaders, such as self-awareness, building rapport, clarify expectations, develop others as leaders, develop leadership influence skills, to influence others follow willingly, create a motivating environment, so they are competent, desired, and essential as leaders in many spheres business, politics, education, sport, and so forth.In addition, interpersonal skills and professional competence are important. Male and female could use these skills, and all above mentioned too, achieve results a nd reach their goals, it is very important for men and women.I would like to conclude my thesis by beautiful words which mostly related to business and sounded as meaningful expression Read Play Like a Man, Win Like a charr. (From the following web.site http// www.evancarmichael.com/Leadership/Women-Leadership.html).31Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura KadyrkulovaAcknowledgementI would like to express my warm words as thanks to Dr. Professor Phillippe Daudi and Professor Mikael Lundgren for jitneying and suggesting in thesis writing, and to plan Coordinator Teresa Johansson for making good support during thesis procedures and studying. It is very interesting interactions among students and professors and teaching staff. It gives motivation for study research and positive reflection for the thesis writing.Besides, it was very interesting for me to be in a role of foe for another male team of master thesis with similar topic, for the first time. I think it is an activ e process and good experience of study in international environment. The final seminars were essential and useful for understanding of different topics, and point of view of other students on the same things. Therefore, studying is an interesting progress of intellectual growth, it gives a new knowledge which can be used in further job occupation and development of own career.32Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura KadyrkulovaReferencesAlice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, The Leadership Quarterly 14 (2003) 807-834. The female Leadership advantage An evaluation of the evidence, Article. Bennis, W., and Nanus, B., Harper Business, New Yourk, (2004). Leaders Strategies for Taking Charge. Blank Warren, Saranac Lake, NY, ground forces AMACOM, (2001). 108 Skills of Natural Born Leaders.Judith G. Oakley, Journal of Business Ethics, (2000), Gender-based Barriers to Senior Management Positions Understanding the Scarcity of Female CEOs.http//www.albatrus.org/men_natural_leaders.htm, Me n natural leaders, byAlan Barron. http//www.evancarmichael.com/Leadership/Women-Leadership.html.Women Leadership. http//www.leadershiparticles.net, Women In Business Network, Growth Rate Of Women In Business, by Jim Brown. http//www.sclmcoach.com, 2002, Womens Style of Leadership, by Alicia M. Rodrigues. http//www.nwlink.com, quotes. http//www.wisdomquotes.com/cat_leadership.html.33Master Thesis, Female and Gender LeadershipAinura KadyrkulovaEnclosure Guide for Thesis writing (Summary)This is an enclosure for master thesis that I supposed to use for making research at the beginning. This guide was suggested to the thesis writing as guiding principle or instruction, thats why it is left as reminder and direction in this enclosure.A short guide for thesis is as a summary of main points, which gives a view of the whole thesis. Starting from research area I would like to say that according to the thesis theme Female and Gender Leadership, it concern of male and female leadership styles and leads to narrow of research toward female leadership.Research problem and/or issue/question remain the same What are the main distinctions of men and women leadership and management styles in the context of gender and leader role? How male and female hierarchies can bring to investigate leadership role in companies and organizations?I would like to add that this area and questions is very actual now, and will bring to female leadership, how women are implementing their leadership and management style and what kind of features and organizational culture theirhold. In another words, how women deal with leadership and management in the male-dominated world.The importance and discount of the research is both interrelated. Therefore, each research is important and will have results first of all for the writer/author, tutor, than for all interested in it parties. The importance of this research is a core for making investigation. The implication34Master Thesis, Female and Gender Lea dershipAinura Kadyrkulovashould drive for using research methods and analyzes in order to conduct thesis writing in a way of doing own best. The usefulness and implication of this research consists of understanding of female leadership and further thinking about career, employment, etc. for women.Proposed methodology I would like to use qualitative method for gathering relevant information and use an articles, books, and statistical information if it possible. To make analyzes of research data and formalize it to the answer of research question is one of the important issue during thesis writing.Theoretical context of the research (area/ topic/ question) The research area is male and female leadership and management. The object of study is men and women in the context of leadership and management, with further narrowing of female leadership and management style. While making research the different leadership theories can be reviewed and applied according to the necessity.As for feas ibility, I believe that it can be done according to the thesis instructions and tutors feedback, advices, including own contribution tothe thesis investigation. The thesis is an important one and students will gain and improve their own research and writing skills.My vision of expected results is realistic and will be based on the chosen research question, methods and time plan (schedule of thesis writing). This thesis theme is interesting and could bring new knowledge about female leadership as a study for future perspectives of men and women leadership role.35