The Co2 Life Cycle Of A Printer Environmental Sciences Essay

The Co2 Life Cycle Of A newswriter Environmental Sciences EssayThe cut by means of depicts knowledge about the sustenance round of golf inventory of a printing machine use of goods and servicesd domestically as a peripheral of personal computer. The purpose of the knowledge is to evaluate confused stages in the purport circle of a printing machine from its fruition to the end of life and flow of various genuines and the overlapion of CO2. The life cycle of printer has been investigated with help from literature research, industrial statistical data and randomness from various forgers. The approach has been adopted with much assumption for simplicity. The current study encircles life cycle changes starting from the manufacture of printer to the end of life. The raw material used in manufacturing, harvestion of solid waste, effluents into air and water system, wallpaper use, the electricity used, and the use of cartridges argon all measure according to rough esti mates. However, the proportion of electricity used in printer in whole life cycle altogether makes 14% of the printer weight. However, the electronics used make a signifi open firet part in the green house gas due to the presence of cop. Therefore, an improved and mend estimate of perfect life cycle whitethorn be possible if real statistical data is available instead of making assumptions. Local manufacturing, recycling, fill again and careful use will be helpful to reduce environmental impact. The LCA of various types of printers will be valuable information for engineers to re-design future printers that are more than environmentally lucky (Curran 1996). The current study also elaborates the immenseness of conducting LCA of a product.Global warming, environmental pollution, industrial reforms to manage environmental pollution and human efforts to suss out global warming are hot issues now-a-days (Curran 1996). Ein truth product has a life cycle starting from its manufactur ing to its end of life (Lehman 2007). The life cycle opinion (LCA) is a significant tool to valuate the impact of a product on environment throughout its life (Hischier 2007). Mechanical and manufacturing engineers can take clear of LCA data of a product to review and revise the material, design and engineering of the product to reduce its negative impact on the environment (Fussler et al 1996). With the information of LCA of the products, it is possible to select environmentally neighbourly material to make products pleasant, less(prenominal) harmful to environment and more efficient (Guinee 2001). Cost has been a significant inducing still information of global warming has changed businessman and buyers view about a product (Newton 1993). Both buyer and business man is more prepossessing to environmentally friendly product (Cramer et al 1997). Use of computers in modern era has created a lot of peripheral and accessories used parallel to the computers. Printers, scanners, w eb cam and umpteen otherwise accessories are e preciseday use in modern era. Each of these products is made of various materials and in that respectfore has various stages of life cycle.The current study is control to the Life cycle Inventory Analysis of a printer. An Inventory analysis is non complete analysis of life cycle except still provides staple information about the product interaction with the environment. The Inventory life cycle analysis does not provide the full picture of the environmental impacts of product. A received LCA or absolute inventory LCA is possible where all statistical data is available from the manufacturing till the life end of product with its establishment stage.The printers are of various types. Major classification of printers fall under dot matrix printers, ink jet printers and laser printers. According to manufacture and distri al cardinalion companys statistical data, in that respect is 60% printer waste from USA and 40 % form European as indisputableries (HP 2009). However, other Asian countries and the rest of the World should not be ignored as there is ever growing demand of IT products throughout the world. Printers are manufactured in Malaysia, China, Japan, Asia, Europe, and USA and in many other countries. Taking China and Malaysia as study manufacturer of printers, the ocean freight distance to Europe and USA, material extraction assumed at miles away and split manufacturing and transporting from long distance whitethorn land to the impact of printers life cycle. The developed countries like USA and European Union countries have monitoring bodies like Environmental protection Agencies to monitor the safe brass of various products. The printers are supplied in promotion mostly made of card progress. The card board packaging is reused at most of sites according to local policies but variation in percentage is present. In USA about 60 % packaging is recycled (MPCA 2009).The printers are used domesticall y, commercially and in industry. We are using mild domestically used printer in our cocktail dress study. The general purpose of domestically used printers is designed to do a satisfied job of publish at acceptable perfection level. Normally, no duplexer is associated with domestically used printers and pages are turned manually by the user. Mostly two types of cartridges are used integrity for the text printing and other for the color printing. A printer pack usually comes with a printer itself, a black cartridge, a color cartridge, a power cable, an external power supply, a USB or other port connecting cable, CD-ROM (with software package) and a user information booklet. The printer varies in size and normally weighs range from 1.5 to 5 kg. Similarly the price varies according to make and quality.Now we can take an analysis of printers manufacturing stage. Printers are made of polymers in their primary structure and in the manufacture of its parts (Smits 1996). Two most comm only polymers in printers include high impact polystyrene (HIPS) and acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene (ABS). However, all plastics in printers are not necessarily HIPS or ABS and 86% of plastic in printers are recyclable (William et al 2002). An excluding percentage is not recyclable due to the presence of fillets. However, for the simplicity of our case study, we assume that printer plastics are ABS. We will be considering main manufacturing material in life cycle and will not focus on the middling material processing, packaging and shipping. A table for packaging material inventory has been reprocessed from information sources (Jason et al 2005).Various metals are used in printers manufacturing. The metals include galvanized sword metal for structure, plated steel shafts, and Copper metal in motor and small fraction of Aluminum in other parts. These metal materials are recyclable but Copper in motor may inhibit steel recycling. The electronic component also contributes to environ mental impact and consists mainly on printed electronic board (PWB) and some electronics. However, the electronic components only make the 3% weight of the printers in total (William et al 2005). The electronics in printers consist on few PWB usually sextet and weighing about 250 grams. The circuit boards are made of few mm thick epoxy coated glass fiber cloth laminate plated with copper but these are free of lead. The process of circuit board manufacturing consists on FR4 laminate process a complex and popular laminate substrate manufacture process. The process is a wet processing method consisting on masking, lithography, plating, and electronics implanting to create a printed circuit board. The epoxy is usually mixed with a bromide flame retardant. The standard FR4 boards are one ounce or two ounce copper type depending upon the amount of Copper per square foot used in their manufacturing. The residual Copper is stripped away from the circuit board once print has been developed . The average weight of circuit board weighs about 10-15 grams depending upon the size of the board. About eight liter of water is used in the manufacture of a printers boards (Industry information). The soldering material is used to mount electronic components on circuit boards (Lehman 2007). According to manufacturer information, the soldering material call ford to manufacture a printers board amount about 0.000202446 KWh/Cm2 of PWB (HP 2009). However, it is calculation for lead free solder and VOC free flux which is environmentally friendly and require more zippo requirement. Connecting wires and cables in printer also contain Copper (average less than 100 grams). Normally more than sixteen semiconductors are used in printers. These are mostly made of plastic (HP 2009).The LCA of a printer has been outlined in figure (12) starting from its manufacture to the end of life. The life cycle of the printer defines the material and energy associated with the printer over its life cycl e from the extraction, collection of the raw material at production site, production process, its use, reuse, recycling or disposal at the end of life and its contribution in the global speed of light foot print. In a real sense, the LCA of printer is an analysis of the material and energy flow till the end of product life. The packaging and shipping of printers also contribute to the coulomb print and make a contribution in their life cycle (Hischier 2007). The packaging consists on cardboard box, paperboard, and paper manual and polystyrene restraints (PEPI 2008). There may be strips of paper cuttings as been used to secure printer packaging in the past. Shipping and transportation of printer also contribute in the carbon print of the global warming.Figure 1 LCAFigure 2 Printer Life Cycle phasesIn our assignment we assume that printers are manufactured in China and distributed all over the world. The environmental impact of a printer may be classified into phases. The primary ph ases of paper use, ink cartridges and electricity and waste products are contributory to the LCA of a printer. The printers use paper, ink and electricity through out of their life cycle. The cartridges consist on polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) glass filled polyester and electronics. Mostly, LCA of a product is focused to find out impact on carbon foot printing (Guinee 2001). According to a research conducted by HP on its inkjet printer LCA, paper has a significant contribution in carbon foot printing (HP 2009). Contribution to carbon foot printing is a global terminology to find out environmental impact of a product during its lifecycle (Fussler 1996). An inventory table has been reprocessed by taking information from two resources (See table 1for printer and table 2 3 for Cartridge and packaging). tipMass(Grams)NoteMetals(Total)910 firebrand696Aluminum165Copper49Motor WindingPlastic(Total)2179Recyclable1887Non-Recyclable292ABS163HIPS1472Others plastics544Includes elastomers etcO thers Genera144Electronics(Total)507Including external cable and power supply.Printer Total3740Recyclable(Total)2947Includes recyclable metals, plastics, copper etc.Recyclable (%)79%Table 1(Inventory table reproduced by information sourced Jason et al 2005 William et al 2002)Ratio between recyclable and non-recyclable material in an inkjet printerFigure 3 Comparison between recycleable and non-recycable materialInventory table reproduced by information sourced Jason et al 2005 William et al 2002Cartridge MaterialItemMass (gram)NotePlastics(total)20PET+ 15% GF20Other PlasticsOther Generals(total)Electronics4Ink21Black 21 g/ vividness 42 gCartridge Total45Table 2 (Jason et al 2005 William et al 2002)Printer furtheranceTable 3Printer PackagingItemMass(gram)NotePolystyrene0.014Shipping restrainPolycarbonate0.015CDPaperboard/Cardboard0.881Office paper0.107Manual etcPackaging(Total)1.017Table 3 Jason et al 2005 William et al 2002)We can describe the impact of printer by dividing it into three phases paper usage impacts, electricity usage and the management of waste products. According to historical data, the usage of paper has increased to three fold over the last three decades (Mckinny 1995). The paper has been used as a main source of information storage since antique Egyptians invented the papyrus, the Chinese make it more perfect by large scale paper manufacture and Gutenberg invented the printing press (Saaty 1980). However, the global warming has increased the importance of paperless terminology and most of organizations and utility firms are switching to the paperless strategies (Newton 1993). There are three significant way to assess the environmental impact of a product (James 1997). These are known as eco-point, eco- apostrophize and eco-compass. In life cycle environmental cost analysis (LCECA), the eco costs are included into the total cost of the product. The eco-cost are the sum of direct and in-direct costs of the environmental impacts showcased b y the product in its entire life cycle. The aim of the LCECA is to find out alternative design, model and parts which are eco-friendly. Actually, it is true analysis as impacts on environment does cost us like waste management or the health hazards to the public etc. In our example of the Ink jet printer, we can add the cost of health hazards of ink, disposal cost and use of electricity in the actual cost of the printer to find out the LCECA. For example an inkjet printer may be cheap at its initial price than other printer but may cost more on the basis of its environmental impacts than other printer which are expensive at the beginning but is energy efficient and less negative to the environment.Energy efficient product is environmentally friendly as it produces less carbon print (NUON 2009). The other system which is mostly used in UK is the eco point system to find out the environmental impacts of a product. A score is fixed for each impact of the product. Then the score are cy pher and sum up to find out the resultant impact of a product. The score mentions the actual eco points of a product on the environment. UK eco point system is an effected methodology and internationally accepted. The eco points are calculated from the LCA of a product. The process of eco point calculation is not very straight forward but not very complicated. The characterized data is found out in the form of units (e.g. climate, vapors etc) divided by the norm (UK impacts per person). Then it is multiplied by a weighting to win over into eco points. For example, if we want to assess the environmental impacts of our product Ink jet printer, then we will calculate eco points for each impact separately and then sum them up to make resultant eco point. The third method to find out the environmental impact is called as eco compass method. In this method the sustainability of the product design is assessed to assess the environmental impact of a product. A sustainable product design ( SPD) is defined as the design which is economical, environmentally friendly and socially liked (Tassoul 1998). A SPD is not a simple design but it is an innovative, creative and efficient. It requires the efforts of various business sectors such as policy makers, business strategies, managers. A SPD can provide better positive impact on environment. For example, in case of our produce Inkjet printer, A SPD may be a printer with least harmful ink, very efficient on energy consumption and with least waste material.The impact of printer usage on environment can be best mum by considering carbon print produced as a result of energy usage during its manufacture, use and then in waste disposal. All stages of printer should be considered starting from, printer manufacture to the end of printer life. None of the stages can be ignored as ignoring any phase will not count the actual amount of CO2 production at that stage. For example, if we ignore manufacturing stage then we can ignore the C o2 produced at manufacturing stage of the printer.The printers industrial, commercial or domestic use some chemicals in the form of ink which is harmful to the environment and human health (Dias 2004). These chemical are hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and also yard significant damage to lungs, skin and nervous tissues if exposed for long time. The harmful materials used in printer also contain very hazadorous material including Silver, phosphoric acid and Isopropyl alcohol. However, the things are changing now the printing industry has started to look at less harmful solutions. One of such measures is the waterless printing. The waterless technology reduces VOCs (Volatile Organic Compound) emissions by 98 %. The VOC are the major contributor in formation of low level Ozone (Counsell et al 2007). The low level ozone can cause respiratory problems and aggravate asthma and other respiratory diseases. The VOC are gasses consisting on harmful chemicals with negative health effects. These chem icals cause environmental pollution by bedcover petroleum ground ink dies (Erbes 1996). Petroleum based inks have been the traditional choice in the printing industry. These inks are not considered as environmentally friendly. The other disadvantages of petroleum based inks are the use of non-renewable resource-petroleum. There has been a revolution in ink improvement in print industry. These inks are vegetable based and soy based inks and release few fractions of VOC.Printers have environmental impacts which should be minimized. Socially we can adopt environmentally friendly behavior if we adopt certain attitudes towards the use of printers. First of all less paper can be used if double sided printing is used (UC 2009). Therefore, duplex printing should be preferred. Now-a-days, there is universal attitude to go paperless. A lot of options are available in the form of CDs, flash memory sticks, HDD and memory cards. An attitude to recycle cartridges may reduce waste and pollution. The trend has increased and most of manufacturers are accepting used cartridges for recycling. The used cartridges may be re-filled and reused. The manufacturers may be encouraged to manufacture such cartridges which can be used again by re-filling ink. The reuse and recycling of the cartridges may reduce the landfill by cartridge plastics and thus can observe landfill and resources. Ink refills are also available in mega fill packs reducing the packaging and waste fill. In accompaniment to saving on paper and cartridges, electricity is another consideration. Energy efficient printers with energy saving modes are available and should be used in preferable way.In short, the LCA of inkjet printer has provided enough information on environmental impacts of inkjet printer from manufacturing to the end of life and then disposal. The LCA of a printer has provided us enough information to review, revise and plan environmentally friendly design of a printer. It also indicates less harmfu l priorities and choices during life cycle of a printer. For example double sided printing will be environmentally friendly than single sided printing. Double amount of paper will be consumed in single sided printing. To use double sided printing mechanical design and/or software may need updating. Next consideration may be the nature of paper. Paper generated from wood pulp has much impact on environment (Szabo 2009). Therefore, paper generated from non-wood fibers should be used for better environmental effects (Abramovitz et al 1999). Again printer design may need to change to adapt non-wood paper use. The secondment major contributor of environmental impacts in LCA of a printer is the electricity. An automatic solution is saver mode where printer turns off automatically when it is not in use. However, the user should also adopt the habit of turning off printer when it is not in use. The act of turning off printer when not in use will save approximately half of the environmental impact caused by a cartridge during its life cycle (William et al 2002). In addition to that, printer which do not used electricity when in off mode should be promoted. The current study also suggested the use of vegetable author ink cartridges to reduce environmental impact. Similarly saving paper and cardboard by multi-items pack will also help to reduce environmental impact. It would be better to mention life cycle costs on cartridge pack to convince user about environmental impacts of ink. At the end of product life, the reuse and recycling of various materials should be promoted. The selection of material at manufacturing stage becomes important as it may provide chance to select sustainable material that can be reused or recycled.ReferencesCounsell. T., Allwood.J.2007. 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