Management Theories

Professional management positions in teachs evolved after other approaches failed to administer effectively the growing, complex, urban systems of public education. There welcome been four major metaphysical shifts in management thinking, the grow of educational administration.

Frederick Taylor was credited with founding the scientific management or efficiency movement; this was the first movement considered to have professionalized school superintendency. In his 1917 text, Scientific Management , Taylor stated that that the waste and inefficiency prevalent in most industries was rife in the educational system as well. He emphasized organization-including scientific analysis of all aspects of work, the fatality of job descriptions, and clarification regarding recruitment, training, appraisal, and employee rewards-as the solution for making operations ectomorphic and more effective. Time study, price rate, separation of planning from performance, and scientific methods of work were Taylors chief principles of management. When those principles were applied to education, organization and efficiency would increase, exactly Taylors critics claimed that education was becoming a production process, with schools as factories and students as raw materials en route to becoming products-all under the steering of teachers being closely monitored by managerial staff who specify production goals and controlled all methods of achieving those goals.

Influenced by Taylors attitudes toward management and workers, Ellwood Cubberley cerebrate that the duties of the superintendent were to organize and direct the work of the schools, lead the school board and staff, arbitrate between the board and staff, and supervise instruction. In 1949, Henry Fayol described a set of common processes and principles follow by educators as descriptive of the functions of administrators. The processes included planning, organization, commanding, coordination, and control. Thus Taylor and Fayol turn to the same efficiency and productivity concerns using the scientific method-Taylor for the tail of the organization pyramid up and Fayol for...

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