Cyber war Vs Cyber terrorism Essay

In this quantify and era, we lead witnessed the emergence of electronic options as the most important growth of the modern day communion transcription. Technologies such as cellular phones, home data processors, the profit and websites deport added a nonher holding to the way we live our lives at once. This presentation seeks to address and analyse the negative and overconfident aspects in escort of the introduction of computers and telecommunicatings techniques as follows Firstly, it raises a contendeness with regard to the recent age of crimes, termed as cyber crimes. The paper foc usances, in p cunningicular, on the difference among the two common events of cyber crimes, cyber war and cyber terrorist act. Secondly, the paper examines the limitations and impact of having graduates done e- study. third and lastly, the paper discusses on whether computer practitioners should be required to kick in a practicing license as it is with other professionals such as docto rs, lawyers and teachers.1. (a) Difference amidst Cyber War and Cyber TerrorismThe end result of both cyber war and cyber terrorism is the equivalent, to damage critical infrastructures and computer corpses. The major difference beingthat cyber war is launched by governments whereas cyber terrorism is launched by individuals or a group of individuals. Cyber war, lots done in conjunction with conventional military outrages, is an organised attack by one nation against another nations selective knowledge and talk brasss with an aim of gaining an advantage over the enemy by disrupting their exponent to fight back. Cyber war attacks often targets an enemies placements such as command and go out placements, intelligence collection and distri scarceion, reading processing and distri only whenion, tactical conference, troop and weapons localisation and so on. For instance, when the United States of America invaded Iraq, they disrupted the countrys communication and defence transcriptions, crippling their superpower to find and topic down US aircrafts. On the other hand, cyber terrorism is when individuals or terrorist groups drug abuse computers, computer net engagements and the internet against persons or property to intimidate or coerce government, civilians, society in sound out to reach political, religious or ideological agenda. The things that atomic military issue 18 targeted ar power plant administrations, telephone governances, transportation systems, water or anoint pipelines, financial institutions and so on. (online visible(prenominal) at community.mis.temple.edu/mis2901001Accessed 5 April 2014)Cyber terrorism military issues some forms. One of the much popular is to threaten a large lodge. The terrorist hacks into the banks system and then leave an encrypted message for senior directors demanding for a sum of money. If the bank does not cooperate, the terrorist threatens to use anything from logic bombs to electromagnetic pulses and high-emission guns to suppress the banks files. near banks would quite a pay the money than sop up the popular know how vulnerable they be for fear of loss of business. (online Available at csciwww.etsu.edu/../cases.htm Accessed 6 April 2014) One practical example is where banks in Zambia rescue lost an estimated US$4 million to cybercrime through with(predicate) Automated narrator Machines (ATMs) withdrawals. This was reported in the local Post unsandedspaper dated 14 June 2013. This was after the state police discovered a scam in which three foreign criminals had recruited and trained Zambians in cyber-crime. (online Available at www.postzambia.com/post-read expression Accessed 6 April 2014) Cyber terrorism so-and-so also entangle terrorists getting undercover data from defence files, network with other terrorists, or raise and rule funds for terrorism by hacking. (b)Limitations and Impact of Having GraduatesThrough E- learnedness E- teaching has conk out an more and more popular learning approach in higher issueal institutions referable to the rapid growth of internet technologies. Many foreign renowned universities tour all types of programmes ranging from Bachelor, Master and PhD programmes, to Short Courses. Essentially, emerging evidence suggests that having graduates through e-learning has lusty beneficial impact on social and economic discipline of our societies today and complicates the following. It has enhanced skills development to would be graduates and their countries to cope with the demands of the 21st century where rapid change and globalisation is taking family. For instance, graduates have acquired an bettor ability to convey independent research, think critically to solve problems through the use of e- technology to hap and collaborate. It has lead to an increased student turnover be baffle of its flexibility and cost potentiality and hence has broadened educational opportunity for numerous, espec ially financially disadvantaged students and those with disabilities. This has resulted in an increased human resource base and enhanced economic advancement from direct job creation in the technology industry as surface as from underdeveloped a better educated work force, much needed in developing countries such as Zambia. Online bother promises a new access route for millions of students.This new approach of learning facilitates different students at different continents to attend the same classes almost at the same time. It has brought about improved learning methods and teachers have a more demonstrable attitude towards their work and be able to provide individualise learning. On the other hand, although e-learning has brought about many benefits for students and organizations alike, it also has its limitations. In order to perform the tasks required by system, an e-learning environment requires basic state of the art equipment and minimum level of computer skills. Thus, a student that does not have the minimum computer knowledge, or have access to these equipment is disadvantaged and willing not succeed in an e-learning program. Certain subjects, such as sports and public speaking, require corporal exertion and recital. Thus, they dealnot be applied in an e-learning environment. free to say, it can be a useful companion to traditional education for teaching background and technical information. A successful e-learning program requires students that are well organised, self motivated and have great time solicitude skills. In other words, an e-learning program is directly re modernd to the amount of drift applied.Successful e-learning students are able to study independently and incorporate study time into their busy lives. scholars that lack discipline and are not good at time management are disadvantaged and will not succeed. E-learning requires good reading and writing skills. Most activities and communications are written, and thus, the ability to efficiently interpret instructions is a critical skill to a successful e-learning program. Students that are not comfortable with the ability to express themselves through writing will not succeed in e-learning. 2. Are computer practitioners similar enough to other professionals that they should be required to have a License too? Licensing is not currently required for computer practitioners but is being considered by several professional computing organizations and is intrustd, in principle, as necessary as the certification and licensing of doctors, lawyers, teachers, hairdressers and other professionals. The forefront of licensing professionals in normal is a very controversial and political question. Licensing generally means that to practice a certain profession requires a government licensee, usually administered through a professional organization. The general theory of licensing professional is that it is supposed to serve the general public outside the profe ssional to be assured that individual else is capable of doing certain jobs.For instance,one of the top e-learning institutions, the University of Liverpool in conjunction with laureate Online Education offer 41 distance learning courses from a immense area of disciplines. The notion that degrees through e-learning are perceived not to be as rewarding or valuable as full-time traditional degree has been proved not to be the case. In fact, in the late 1990s, the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education of the British political science measured academic excellence in more than 100 universities, including the idle University. Surprisingly, the Open University was ranked in the top ten of British Universities in terms of academic excellence. The only underlying difference between a traditional degree and e-learning degree is the manner in which information is conveyed. The traditional setup has been based on a face to face communication where students and lecturers are brought t ogether at the same time and the same place in classes,laboratories and recreation centers for the purpose of learning, whereas in e-learning systems use technology to pick out the learner from the teacher, and the learner from the learning group while briny(prenominal)taining the integrity of the learning process. Follow up statistics placing the Open University in the top 10 with Oxford and Cambridge have been repeated for several years and cannot be statistically be explained as a mere coincidence.(online Available at http.//www.webbasedtraining.com/ Accessed 3 March 2014) The main focus of this presentation is to gain insights into critical issues confronting two major stakeholders in the new era of WBT, the student and strength. The question at hand requires object views on the advantages and disadvantages of WBT from a students point of view as well as advantages of WBT from the colleges point of view. It further requires identifying ship canal that study from a website i s better than studying from written text as well as discuss in details the social and economical benefits and limitations of E-technology in Zambia.Systems organic evolution Life CycleThe second part of this presentation discusses a linier Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) which is a technique employ to instigate developers effectively develop information systems. Gaining competitive advantage and improving information delivery will urge an organization to restructure its activities. The information system has to be developed to suite the business scenario and objectives. It unavoidably to be carefully planned and activities well thought of. (Ndhlovu, 2009). Thus, in an effort to answer the question at hand a description of the stages involved in a SDLC using annotated diagram shall be discussed. In addition, the discussion shall also acknowledge a description of techniques which can be utilize to investigate the lively system of an organization identifying the advantage s and disadvantages of each and also give an alternative to SDLC for developing systems.Having said that, details of the mentioned topics in question is as follows. a) weathervane-Based TrainingAdvantages and Disadvantages of WBT Students Point of View AdvantagesUtilisation of the World Wide Web is a current and big source ofinformation and relatively easily to use. Some of the advantages from a students point of view include the following. There is un moderate source of information on the internet as compared to textbooks and class lectures as it provides a variety and quality of learning materials. Encountering a new experience of sourcing information on the web increases a need to learn among students. For example, the web allows browsing from one link to another on a limited subject or topic Access to meaningful resources foster critical thinking skills and allows the student to see new ways of interpreting and evaluating information. For instance, gathering view points an d knowledge from various internet sites cause students to debate previously held values and ideas which they whitethorn have had misconceptions. Gain of competence with technology by learning to navigate and use the web successfully, present computer skills, use of conferencing tools such as e-mail and listservs. Integration of technology with content-related work provided a more meaningful interaction with the subject matter.For example, students reflected on the lack of relevance in acquiring computer skills in closing off noting that when have with content, those coverings take a tool to improve learning in their field of study. Technological aspects of course assignments encourage cooperative dialogue rather than isolation. For example, e-mail and listservs are used regularly providing a valuable resource for reinforcement and collaboration among classmates for help in completing assignments, support with expert frustration and to share acquired skills or content resource s. In addition, e-mail communication with teachers gives a student individual attention that is not apparent in a traditional coursework setup. E-mail utilization has many assets that face-to-face civiliseroom contact lacks. For example, student need not wait for class time in order to get or clarify a plot of land of information. The student who would normally shy away and not ask a question in class or participate in a class discussion are more comfortable using e-mail as a medium of communication and thus is not remaining out on the much needed information. For the student, online course allows them to integrate work, family and school more efficiently as it eliminates travel time to and from class for commuters.DisadvantagesThe positive aspects of WBT are countered with some frustrations that areexperienced by some students. These include the following. Student lack of computer skills, internet server being down, obstacle in accessing computer, use of obsolete computers and lack of technical and instructional support are some of the frustrations that a student whitethorn encounter. Required assignments are time consuming as mastering computer application tools and learning to navigate the web efficiently take up most of the time.Advantages of WBT Colleges Point of ViewHigher education is evolving, consumer needs are shifting, and contender for students is increasing. Consequently, institutions must be driven to some extent by the needs and demands of the consumer. To satisfy the unique needs of growing numbers of nontraditional students and to institute graduate degrees more attractive and feasible, the availability of online courses and distance learning opportunities is essential. Most of the faculties consider technology applications in university courses as the wave of the future citing their main reason for wanting its continuity as mainly being the benefits they believe their students receive. Moreover, in this time and era, a faculty member w ho does not use technology is often considered out of date and out of touch with skills that are needed for the coming millennium. Faculty respondents consistently identified convenience and improved learning as advantages for students enrolled in Web-based instruction. Other advantages identified by faculty are as follows. Students gain knowledge on how to use many technology-based applications such as e-mail, PowerPoint, listservs, graphics programs, and HTML, many of which are considered essential skills for todays workforce. Students also gain comfort with the medium, anxiety levels are reduced, and they are more willing to explore the potential of technology applications.Students tend to become independent learners, are more motivated to explore related topics on their own, and develop critical thinking skills. The quality of absolute assignments is often better than in the traditional classroom because students have more time for construction and better access to resources. More information can be include in a course with the potential for students to expand on the information received by providing links to related sites. Many students will clatter on a link more readily than obtaining a scratch resource identified in a bibliography. Students learning how to access the extensiveresources available on the WWW, online databases, and other technology-based resources. Student convenience. For example, online classes provide students with 24-hour access, eliminate the need to travel or find parking, and eliminate scheduling conflicts with jobs or family. These advantages may particularly benefit graduate students and nontraditional students. Connecting students with technology allows the student to become part of a global community. Information and ideas can be exchange with other students and experts throughout the world using e-mail and listserv discussions. Collaboration and communication among students are fostered, as well as communication between i nstructor and student.Online Studying Vs. Written Text StudyingAmong the several ways that studying from a website is better than studying from written text three unambiguous ways include the following. Text books become outdated almost this instant after publication and cannot be updated until the next publication which may take several years down the line. Information on the website can be updated daily and printing errors are corrected immediately. Written text is limited to the information on the page whereas educational websites can link to an unlimited number of other educational sites to give supplemental detail in as much as possible on a particular subject or topic. Textbooks are limited to the points of view of their authors whereas the website allows multiple view points, which is essential for critical thinking especially if the author is too unnoticeable about a particular topic. (online Available at English.varsavskyfoundation.org/education Accessed 7 March 2014)b) Social and Economical Benefits and Limitations of E-technology in Zambia Zambia is one of a number of countries in the Southern African region that have sought to include e-technology in its national development plans. E-technology is believed to contribute to improving development outcomes in two main ways E-technology-based knowledge and products contribute directly to wealthiness creation. The use of e-technology contributes indirectly to national development through its impact in social and economic sectors such as agriculture, health and education, and by empowering individuals to take advantage of new opportunities. For example,AfriConnect, in partnership with the Zambian Ministry of Education, have been sailing a project aimed at bringing web-based e-learning to schools in different split of the country. The objective is to move from the traditional chalk-and-talk pedagogy to enquiry-based learning, while at the same time bringing the option of conductlong learning to peo ple who have already left school. Individuals also benefit from the availability and use of e-technology in a number of ways. For example, by substituting phone calls for travel, which saves time and money, and by using e-technology to obtain information on prices, for their own produce and for purchases.In these various ways, e-technology can have a significant impact on a countrys ability to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). There are, however, also constraints on the potential impact of e-technology in many developing countries. These constraints include inadequate technical infrastructure, limited human skills to use available networks and services, the relatively high cost of communications equipment, and poor indemnity and regulatory environments. These factors reduce the scope for countries and communities to realise the potential of e-technology for development.Question 2 Solution(a) Model of the Systems Development Life Cycle highlighting the nourishment Ph aseThe systems development life cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual good example used in project management that describes the stages involved in an information system development project, from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application. In general, an SDLC methodology follows the following steps1. Planning lay outThe animate system is evaluated. Deficiencies are identified. This can be done by interviewing users of the system and consulting with support personnel.2. Analysis StageThe new system requirements are defined. In particular, the deficiencies in the existing system must be addressed with specific proposals for improvement.3. Design StageThe proposed system is designed. Plans are laid out concerning the somatogeneticconstruction, hardware, operating systems, programming, communications, and security issues. The new system is developed. The new components and programs must be obtained and installed. Users of the system must be trained in its use, and all aspects of capital punishment must be tested. If necessary, adjustments must be made at this stage.4. carrying out StageThe system is put into use. This can be done in various ways. The new system can be phased in, according to application or location, and the old system gradually replaced. In some cases, it may be more efficient to shut down the old system and implement the new system all at once.5. Maintenance StageOnce the new system is up and speed for a while, it should be exhaustively evaluated. Maintenance must be unploughed up rigorously at all times. Users of the system should be kept up-to-date concerning the latest modifications and procedures.(b)The systems development life cycle (SDLC), also referred to as the application development life-cycle, is a term used in systems applied science, information systems and software engineering to describe a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system.1 The systems development li fe-cycle concept applies to a range of hardware and software configurations, as a system can be composed of hardware only, software only, or a cabal of both.2 The waterfall model is a sequential design process, often used in software development processes, in which progress is seen as rate of flow steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases of Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction, Testing, Production/Implementation, and Maintenance.What is systems development life cycle (SDLC)?(SDLC is also an abbreviation for Synchronous Data Link Control.) The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model used in projectmanagement that describes the stages involved in an information system development project, from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application. conglomerate SDLC methodologies have been developed to guide the processes involved, including the waterfall model (which was the original SDLC method) rapid ap plication development (RAD) joint application development (JAD) the fountain model the spiral model build and fix and synchronize-and-stabilize. Frequently, several models are combined into some sort of hybrid methodology. Documentation is crucial regardless of the type of model chosen or devised for any application, and is usually done in parallel with the development process. Some methods work better for specific types of projects, but in the final analysis, the most important factor for the success of a project may be how closely the particular plan was followed.In general, an SDLC methodology follows the following steps 6. The existing system is evaluated. Deficiencies are identified. This can be done by interviewing users of the system and consulting with support personnel. 7. The new system requirements are defined. In particular, the deficiencies in the existing system must be addressed with specific proposals for improvement. 8. The proposed system is designed. Plans are lai d out concerning the physical construction, hardware, operating systems, programming, communications, and security issues. 9. The new system is developed. The new components and programs must be obtained and installed. Users of the system must be trained in its use, and all aspects of capital punishment must be tested. If necessary, adjustments must be made at this stage. 10. The system is put into use. This can be done in various ways. The new system can phased in, according to application or location, and the old system gradually replaced. In some cases, it may be more cost-effective to shut down the old system and implement the new system all at once. 11. Once the new system is up and running for a while, it should be exhaustively evaluated. Maintenance must be kept up rigorously at all times. Users of the system should be kept up-to-date concerning the latest modifications and procedures.